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旅游导刊 ›› 2020, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (6): 59-74.DOI: 10.12054/lydk.bisu.147
收稿日期:
2020-02-08
修回日期:
2020-11-10
出版日期:
2020-12-30
发布日期:
2021-01-27
作者简介:
钱莉莉(1985— ),女,浙江杭州人,博士,浙江大学城市学院讲师,研究方向:文化遗产旅游、旅游规划。E-mail: 基金资助:
QIAN Lili(),LI Hanliang,JI Jing
Received:
2020-02-08
Revised:
2020-11-10
Online:
2020-12-30
Published:
2021-01-27
摘要:
黑色旅游地与痛苦、暴行、自然灾难及人类大规模死亡等相关,是苦难与创伤历史的纪念空间,其集体记忆的建构与传承受到学者关注。本文以“5·12”汶川地震灾区北川羌族自治县的老县城遗址为案例,定量探讨黑色旅游地游客集体记忆的维度特征,建构了“集体记忆-满意度-行为意愿”结构方程模型。研究显示,灾难记忆、抗灾记忆、灾难认知、负面情感、观念启示等5个集体记忆维度通过满意度对地方保护意愿、重访推荐意愿起显著正向影响。本研究从集体记忆这一新的理论视角探讨黑色旅游体验及其对游客行为意愿的影响,对黑色旅游地的保护、规划、展陈、管理有一定借鉴价值。
中图分类号:
钱莉莉,李罕梁,季靖. 黑色旅游地游客集体记忆建构及其对行为意愿的影响——以“5·12”汶川地震北川老县城遗址为例[J]. 旅游导刊, 2020, 4(6): 59-74.
QIAN Lili,LI Hanliang,JI Jing. The Construction of Collective Memory of Dark Tourism Sites and its Influence on Tourists’ Behavioral Intentions: A Case Study of the Earthquake-stricken Old Town of Beichuan County[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2020, 4(6): 59-74.
项目 | 样本数量及占比 | 项目 | 样本数量及占比 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 参观次数 | ||||
男 | 157(53%) | 首次 | 238(80%) | ||
女 | 141(47%) | 二次及以上 | 60(20%) | ||
年龄 | 客源地 | ||||
≤19岁 | 6(2%) | 四川省内 | 170(57%) | ||
20~29岁 | 124(42%) | 四川省外 | 128(43%) | ||
30~39岁 | 58(19%) | 经历地震 | |||
40~49岁 | 67(22%) | 有 | 155(52%) | ||
50~59岁 | 29(10%) | 无 | 143(48%) | ||
≥60岁 | 14(5%) | 损失程度 | |||
受教育程度 | 没有 极少 一般 较多 严重 | 193(65%) 55(18%) 29(10%) 14(5%) 7(2%) | |||
小学及以下 | 14(5%) | ||||
初中 | 50(17%) | ||||
高中/中专 | 82(27%) | ||||
大专/本科 | 140(47%) | ||||
硕士及以上 | 12(4%) |
表1 样本人口统计学特征
Tab.1 Demographic characteristics of the sample
项目 | 样本数量及占比 | 项目 | 样本数量及占比 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 参观次数 | ||||
男 | 157(53%) | 首次 | 238(80%) | ||
女 | 141(47%) | 二次及以上 | 60(20%) | ||
年龄 | 客源地 | ||||
≤19岁 | 6(2%) | 四川省内 | 170(57%) | ||
20~29岁 | 124(42%) | 四川省外 | 128(43%) | ||
30~39岁 | 58(19%) | 经历地震 | |||
40~49岁 | 67(22%) | 有 | 155(52%) | ||
50~59岁 | 29(10%) | 无 | 143(48%) | ||
≥60岁 | 14(5%) | 损失程度 | |||
受教育程度 | 没有 极少 一般 较多 严重 | 193(65%) 55(18%) 29(10%) 14(5%) 7(2%) | |||
小学及以下 | 14(5%) | ||||
初中 | 50(17%) | ||||
高中/中专 | 82(27%) | ||||
大专/本科 | 140(47%) | ||||
硕士及以上 | 12(4%) |
因子 | 题项 | 载荷 | 贡献率 | Cronbach’s α | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
因子 | 题项 | 载荷 | 贡献率 | Cronbach’s α | |
KMO值为0.84,巴氏球形检验近似卡方值为1 819.13(p=0.000) | |||||
灾难记忆 | DM1回忆/联想起地动山摇的情景 | 0.81 | 16.5% | 0.85 | |
(DM) | DM2回忆/联想起建筑坍塌的惨状 | 0.85 | |||
DM3回忆/联想起遇难受伤同胞 | 0.80 | ||||
抗灾记忆 | FDM1回忆/联想起抢险救灾 | 0.84 | 16.6% | 0. 85 | |
(FDM) | FDM2回忆/联想起各地帮助支持 | 0.84 | |||
FDM3回忆/联想起遗址保护重建 | 0.78 | ||||
灾难认知 | DC1地震对当地造成重大经济损失 | 0.83 | 10.9% | 0.68 | |
(DC) | DC2地震对人民造成巨大身心创伤 | 0.82 | |||
负面情感 | NA1悲伤 | 0.86 | 15.7% | 0.80 | |
(NA) | NA2缅怀 | 0.73 | |||
NA3惋惜 | 0.82 | ||||
观念启示 | IA1自然面前,人类渺小 | 0.74 | 14.4% | 0.75 | |
(IA) | IA2生命无常,珍爱生命 | 0.85 | |||
IA3灾难无情,人间有情 | 0.74 | ||||
KMO值为0.80>0.6,巴氏球形检验近似卡方值为1 621.04(p=0.000) | |||||
满意度 | TS1具有高度象征意义 | 0.76 | 24.4% | 0.79 | |
(TS) | TS2给人许多教育启迪 | 0.78 | |||
TS3带来许多情感触动 | 0.68 | ||||
TS4体验难以忘记 | 0.67 | ||||
TS5参观非常有意义 | 0.71 | ||||
重访推荐 | BRI1我愿意再来 | 0.92 | 23.6% | 0.91 | |
意愿 | BRI2会带亲朋回来 | 0.91 | |||
(BRI) | BRI3会推荐给别人 | 0.93 | |||
保护意愿 | PI1希望遗址得到保护 | 0.82 | 22.3% | 0.86 | |
(PI) | PI2愿意参加遗址保护 | 0.92 | |||
PI3愿意捐助遗址保护 | 0.90 |
表2 游客集体记忆、满意度、行为意愿测量指标探索性因子分析
Tab. 2 Exploratory factor analysis of tourists’ collective memory,satisfaction and behavior intentions
因子 | 题项 | 载荷 | 贡献率 | Cronbach’s α | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
因子 | 题项 | 载荷 | 贡献率 | Cronbach’s α | |
KMO值为0.84,巴氏球形检验近似卡方值为1 819.13(p=0.000) | |||||
灾难记忆 | DM1回忆/联想起地动山摇的情景 | 0.81 | 16.5% | 0.85 | |
(DM) | DM2回忆/联想起建筑坍塌的惨状 | 0.85 | |||
DM3回忆/联想起遇难受伤同胞 | 0.80 | ||||
抗灾记忆 | FDM1回忆/联想起抢险救灾 | 0.84 | 16.6% | 0. 85 | |
(FDM) | FDM2回忆/联想起各地帮助支持 | 0.84 | |||
FDM3回忆/联想起遗址保护重建 | 0.78 | ||||
灾难认知 | DC1地震对当地造成重大经济损失 | 0.83 | 10.9% | 0.68 | |
(DC) | DC2地震对人民造成巨大身心创伤 | 0.82 | |||
负面情感 | NA1悲伤 | 0.86 | 15.7% | 0.80 | |
(NA) | NA2缅怀 | 0.73 | |||
NA3惋惜 | 0.82 | ||||
观念启示 | IA1自然面前,人类渺小 | 0.74 | 14.4% | 0.75 | |
(IA) | IA2生命无常,珍爱生命 | 0.85 | |||
IA3灾难无情,人间有情 | 0.74 | ||||
KMO值为0.80>0.6,巴氏球形检验近似卡方值为1 621.04(p=0.000) | |||||
满意度 | TS1具有高度象征意义 | 0.76 | 24.4% | 0.79 | |
(TS) | TS2给人许多教育启迪 | 0.78 | |||
TS3带来许多情感触动 | 0.68 | ||||
TS4体验难以忘记 | 0.67 | ||||
TS5参观非常有意义 | 0.71 | ||||
重访推荐 | BRI1我愿意再来 | 0.92 | 23.6% | 0.91 | |
意愿 | BRI2会带亲朋回来 | 0.91 | |||
(BRI) | BRI3会推荐给别人 | 0.93 | |||
保护意愿 | PI1希望遗址得到保护 | 0.82 | 22.3% | 0.86 | |
(PI) | PI2愿意参加遗址保护 | 0.92 | |||
PI3愿意捐助遗址保护 | 0.90 |
潜变量 | 观测 变量 | 非标准化 因子载荷 | 标准化 因子载荷 | S.E. | t-value (C.R.) | SMC | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
潜变量 | 观测 变量 | 非标准化 因子载荷 | 标准化 因子载荷 | S.E. | t-value (C.R.) | SMC | CR | AVE |
灾难记忆 (DM) | DM1 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.66 | ||
DM2 | 0.94 | 0.82 | 0.067 | 13.93*** | 0.67 | |||
DM3 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.063 | 14.12*** | 0.69 | |||
抗灾记忆 (FDM) | FDM1 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.85 | 0.66 | ||
FDM2 | 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.067 | 16.24*** | 0.79 | |||
FDM3 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.064 | 12.73*** | 0.48 | |||
灾难认知 (DC) | DC1 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.52 | ||
DC2 | 0.99 | 0.72 | 0.132 | 7.47*** | 0.51 | |||
负面情感 (NA) | NA1 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 0.59 | ||
NA2 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.069 | 10.49*** | 0.39 | |||
NA3 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 0.077 | 13.50*** | 0.72 | |||
观念启示 (IA) | IA1 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.56 | ||
IA2 | 1.60 | 0.94 | 0.177 | 9.03*** | 0.88 | |||
IA3 | 1.25 | 0.70 | 0.141 | 8.87*** | 0.49 | |||
满意度 (TS) | TS1 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.78 | 0.42 | ||
TS2 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.085 | 11.03*** | 0.54 | |||
TS3 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.071 | 10.16*** | 0.45 | |||
TS4 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.086 | 8.73*** | 0.32 | |||
TS5 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.072 | 8.48*** | 0.30 | |||
保护意愿 (PI) | PI1 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.87 | 0.69 | ||
PI2 | 1.52 | 0.92 | 0.112 | 13.54*** | 0.84 | |||
PI3 | 1.48 | 0.86 | 0.111 | 13.33*** | 0.75 | |||
重访推荐 意愿 (BRI) | BRI1 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.77 | ||
BRI2 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.051 | 18.68*** | 0.79 | |||
BRI3 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.051 | 18.80*** | 0.81 |
表3 游客集体记忆、地方满意、地方行为意愿验证性因子分析
Tab. 3 Confirmatory factor analysis of tourists’ collective memory,satisfaction and behavior intentions
潜变量 | 观测 变量 | 非标准化 因子载荷 | 标准化 因子载荷 | S.E. | t-value (C.R.) | SMC | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
潜变量 | 观测 变量 | 非标准化 因子载荷 | 标准化 因子载荷 | S.E. | t-value (C.R.) | SMC | CR | AVE |
灾难记忆 (DM) | DM1 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.66 | ||
DM2 | 0.94 | 0.82 | 0.067 | 13.93*** | 0.67 | |||
DM3 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.063 | 14.12*** | 0.69 | |||
抗灾记忆 (FDM) | FDM1 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.85 | 0.66 | ||
FDM2 | 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.067 | 16.24*** | 0.79 | |||
FDM3 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.064 | 12.73*** | 0.48 | |||
灾难认知 (DC) | DC1 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.52 | ||
DC2 | 0.99 | 0.72 | 0.132 | 7.47*** | 0.51 | |||
负面情感 (NA) | NA1 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 0.59 | ||
NA2 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.069 | 10.49*** | 0.39 | |||
NA3 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 0.077 | 13.50*** | 0.72 | |||
观念启示 (IA) | IA1 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.56 | ||
IA2 | 1.60 | 0.94 | 0.177 | 9.03*** | 0.88 | |||
IA3 | 1.25 | 0.70 | 0.141 | 8.87*** | 0.49 | |||
满意度 (TS) | TS1 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.78 | 0.42 | ||
TS2 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.085 | 11.03*** | 0.54 | |||
TS3 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.071 | 10.16*** | 0.45 | |||
TS4 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.086 | 8.73*** | 0.32 | |||
TS5 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.072 | 8.48*** | 0.30 | |||
保护意愿 (PI) | PI1 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.87 | 0.69 | ||
PI2 | 1.52 | 0.92 | 0.112 | 13.54*** | 0.84 | |||
PI3 | 1.48 | 0.86 | 0.111 | 13.33*** | 0.75 | |||
重访推荐 意愿 (BRI) | BRI1 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.77 | ||
BRI2 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.051 | 18.68*** | 0.79 | |||
BRI3 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.051 | 18.80*** | 0.81 |
指标 | 绝对拟合指数 | 简约拟合指数 | 相对拟合指数 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2/df | AGFI | GFI | RMR | RMSEA | PGFI | PNFI | CFI | IFI | ||
标准 | 1~3 | >0.8 | >0.8 | <0.05 | <0.08 | >0.5 | >0.5 | >0.9 | >0.9 | |
模型 | 1.953 | 0.854 | 0.884 | 0.034 | 0.057 | 0.702 | 0.749 | 0.932 | 0.933 |
表4 游客集体记忆、满意度、行为意愿结构方程模型拟合指标
Tab.4 Fitting indexes of structural equation model of tourists’ collective memory,satisfaction and behavior intentions
指标 | 绝对拟合指数 | 简约拟合指数 | 相对拟合指数 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2/df | AGFI | GFI | RMR | RMSEA | PGFI | PNFI | CFI | IFI | ||
标准 | 1~3 | >0.8 | >0.8 | <0.05 | <0.08 | >0.5 | >0.5 | >0.9 | >0.9 | |
模型 | 1.953 | 0.854 | 0.884 | 0.034 | 0.057 | 0.702 | 0.749 | 0.932 | 0.933 |
作用路径 | UNSTD | STD | S.E. | C.R. | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | 灾难记忆(DM) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.134 | 0.167 | 0.064 | 2.077 | 0.038** |
H2 | 抗灾记忆(FDM) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.116 | 0.158 | 0.057 | 2.031 | 0.042** |
H3 | 灾难认知(DC) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.315 | 0.246 | 0.111 | 2.827 | 0.005** |
H4 | 负面情感(NA) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.228 | 0.193 | 0.092 | 2.486 | 0.013** |
H5 | 观念启示(IA) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.342 | 0.230 | 0.104 | 3.298 | 0.000*** |
H6 | 满意度(TS) | → | 保护意愿(PI) | 0.410 | 0.587 | 0.054 | 7.549 | 0.000*** |
H7 | 满意度(TS) | → | 重访推荐意愿(BRI) | 0.666 | 0.346 | 0.131 | 5.077 | 0.000*** |
表5 游客集体记忆、满意度、行为意愿结构方程路径系数估计
Tab.5 Path coefficient estimation of structural equation model of tourists’ collective memory,satisfaction and behavior intentions
作用路径 | UNSTD | STD | S.E. | C.R. | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | 灾难记忆(DM) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.134 | 0.167 | 0.064 | 2.077 | 0.038** |
H2 | 抗灾记忆(FDM) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.116 | 0.158 | 0.057 | 2.031 | 0.042** |
H3 | 灾难认知(DC) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.315 | 0.246 | 0.111 | 2.827 | 0.005** |
H4 | 负面情感(NA) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.228 | 0.193 | 0.092 | 2.486 | 0.013** |
H5 | 观念启示(IA) | → | 满意度(TS) | 0.342 | 0.230 | 0.104 | 3.298 | 0.000*** |
H6 | 满意度(TS) | → | 保护意愿(PI) | 0.410 | 0.587 | 0.054 | 7.549 | 0.000*** |
H7 | 满意度(TS) | → | 重访推荐意愿(BRI) | 0.666 | 0.346 | 0.131 | 5.077 | 0.000*** |
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