主观幸福感的理论源流及其在旅游研究中的应用：一个批判性文献综述

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.111

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旅游领域的主观幸福感研究已经积累了一定的成果。然而,旅游学界对主观幸福感理论渊源和研究方法的理解仍存在较大分歧,导致相关研究缺乏理论贡献。本文试图理清主观幸福感的源流,比较分析各种研究方法和量表,并对旅游领域幸福感研究存在的问题进行批判性反思。本文指出,主观幸福感属于生活质量范畴,有着多种哲学基础和理论来源,如享乐主义理论、期望理论、原真快乐理论、幸福主义理论和目标清单理论等。基于不同哲学基础的主观幸福感研究已经发展出一系列研究方法和测量量表,每一种研究方法和测量量表都有其优劣势和适用条件,需加以区分。旅游研究未来应该理清主观幸福感的概念基础,坚持问题导向的研究设计,避免随意关联的因果分析,多采用混合研究方法。

关键词: 生活质量; 主观幸福感; 生活满意度; 享乐主义; 幸福主义

Abstract:

The application of Subjective well-being (SWB) in tourism research has increased in the past decades, but misunderstanding, misusage, and confusion remain. This paper aims to trace the evolution and new trends of SWB and makes critical reviews on its tourism studies. SWB is both a psychological construct and a social construction, and also an important filed of quality of life (QOL) study. The scientific study of SWB began nearly 100 years ago, and has been shaped and influenced by the efforts of Ed Diener and his team. Unfortunately, one continuing problem of SWB is lack of consensus on the conception and measurement of SWB, since it has multiple origins of philosophy and theories, such as hedonistic theories, desire theories, authentic happiness theories, eudaimonistic (or “nature-fulfillment”) theories and list theories. Among these above, hedonistic is widely accepted as a main philosophical foundation and has developed a series of measurement scales, catering to various contexts and research purposes. Eudaimonistic and other theories have also developed some scales. Each scale has advantages and disadvantages, as well as applicable condition. However, some studies ignore or misunderstand the philosophical foundation and applicable condition of SWB scale, and raise some problematic conclusion, such as oversimplification of classic scale, misusage in unsuitable situation, mis-synthesis of scales with different philosophical origins, mis-interchange of QOL, GL, LS and SWB, and even examination on causal relationship between SWB and various constructs that without or with less theoretical connection.

Keywords: Quality of Life (QoL); Subjective Well-Being (SWB); Life Satisfaction (LS); Hedonistic; Eudaimonistic

中图分类号:

梁增贤. 主观幸福感的理论源流及其在旅游研究中的应用：一个批判性文献综述[J]. 旅游导刊, 2019, 3(3): 71-92.

Zengxian LIANG. The Evolution of Subjective Well-Being and Its Application in Tourism Research : A Critical Review[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2019, 3(3): 71-92.

图/表 2

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理论	对幸福感的理解	理论缺陷	参考文献
享乐主义理论 hedonistic theories	将幸福感定义为欢乐（pleasure）,即人们对欢乐与不欢乐的主观认知,而评价的关键就在于个人的欢乐水平	欢乐水平的个体差异太大,缺乏个体间横向可比性,导致难以横向比较幸福感的高低	Sumner,1996;Feldman,2004; Liang & Hui,2016; 梁增贤,2018
期望理论 desire theories	是人们对自身期望的实际满足程度。知情期望（informed desire）理论是其中最重要的分支,认为期望是建立在对信息和环境情况充分掌握的基础上	人们的期望广泛,甚至可能与幸福感毫无关系,难以认定人们对期望的满足就是幸福感	Griffin,2000;Darwall,2002
原真快乐理论 authentic happiness theories	是基于对自身生活情况充分了解,且完全自主（autonomous）的情况下追求的快乐（being happy）;主要包括快乐主义（hedonism）、总体生活满意度（life satisfaction）、情感状态（emotional state）3类量表	虽在旅游研究中应用广泛,但生活满意度缺乏情感方面的测量,测量的时间点和区间长短对测量结果影响也很大	Sumner,1996;Kahneman,1999;Ehrhardt,Saris & Veenhoven,2000;Haybron,2000/2003/2005/ 2007;Wang,2017
理论	对幸福感的理解	理论缺陷	参考文献
幸福主义理论 eudaimonistic theories	来源于人们的自我完善和自我实现,不仅包括道德品格方面,还包括生活能力方面	一方面,过于关注个体,难以反映群体和社会整体的幸福利益;另一方面,是哲学层面理念,缺乏普遍认同的测量工具	Ryff,1989;Nussbaum,1993;Haybron,2008;Ruini & Ryff,2016; 陈斯一,2018
目标清单理论 objective list theories	整合以往幸福感理论的要素,认为幸福来源于一系列清单,如对知识、健康、快乐、家庭、财富、社会（朋友）关系等的自我评价	没有统一的哲学基础,回避了最关键的哲学问题——何谓幸福	Murphy,2001;Haybron,2008

理论	对幸福感的理解	理论缺陷	参考文献
享乐主义理论 hedonistic theories	将幸福感定义为欢乐（pleasure）,即人们对欢乐与不欢乐的主观认知,而评价的关键就在于个人的欢乐水平	欢乐水平的个体差异太大,缺乏个体间横向可比性,导致难以横向比较幸福感的高低	Sumner,1996;Feldman,2004; Liang & Hui,2016; 梁增贤,2018
期望理论 desire theories	是人们对自身期望的实际满足程度。知情期望（informed desire）理论是其中最重要的分支,认为期望是建立在对信息和环境情况充分掌握的基础上	人们的期望广泛,甚至可能与幸福感毫无关系,难以认定人们对期望的满足就是幸福感	Griffin,2000;Darwall,2002
原真快乐理论 authentic happiness theories	是基于对自身生活情况充分了解,且完全自主（autonomous）的情况下追求的快乐（being happy）;主要包括快乐主义（hedonism）、总体生活满意度（life satisfaction）、情感状态（emotional state）3类量表	虽在旅游研究中应用广泛,但生活满意度缺乏情感方面的测量,测量的时间点和区间长短对测量结果影响也很大	Sumner,1996;Kahneman,1999;Ehrhardt,Saris & Veenhoven,2000;Haybron,2000/2003/2005/ 2007;Wang,2017
理论	对幸福感的理解	理论缺陷	参考文献
幸福主义理论 eudaimonistic theories	来源于人们的自我完善和自我实现,不仅包括道德品格方面,还包括生活能力方面	一方面,过于关注个体,难以反映群体和社会整体的幸福利益;另一方面,是哲学层面理念,缺乏普遍认同的测量工具	Ryff,1989;Nussbaum,1993;Haybron,2008;Ruini & Ryff,2016; 陈斯一,2018
目标清单理论 objective list theories	整合以往幸福感理论的要素,认为幸福来源于一系列清单,如对知识、健康、快乐、家庭、财富、社会（朋友）关系等的自我评价	没有统一的哲学基础,回避了最关键的哲学问题——何谓幸福	Murphy,2001;Haybron,2008