自然灾难地居民风险知觉与旅游支持度的关系研究——以汶川大地震重灾区北川和都江堰为例

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.148

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

尽管近年来学界对黑色旅游关注较多,但有关于生活安全感如何影响灾区居民对所在城市灾后发展旅游的感知与态度的探讨仍很少。本文以“5·12”汶川大地震重灾区北川羌族自治县和都江堰市为实证案例地,调查并分析居民对地震后发展旅游业的支持程度如何受到危机事件认知（风险评价、风险情感、风险防御倾向）与地方依恋的影响。研究发现：当居民认为次生灾害等风险发生的可能性越高、后果越严重时,触发的风险情感（如担忧等）越强烈;当风险情感越强烈时,居民采取风险防御行为的意愿也会越强,从而越倾向于支持灾后发展旅游业;风险防御行为意向对地方依恋和旅游支持度均产生显著的正向影响;居民的地方依恋越强,越倾向于支持灾后发展旅游业。本文创新性地从更广义的居民风险知觉、风险防御与地方依恋的视角,探讨居民对灾后发展旅游业的态度,对灾区恢复重建过程中旅游业的发展提供一定启示。

关键词: 黑色旅游; 风险知觉; 地方依恋; 旅游支持度; 大规模自然灾难; 汶川大地震

Abstract:

Although research on dark tourism has received more and more academic attention in recent years, few scholars have explored how the local residents’ sense of security influences their perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development in disaster-stricken areas. Using the two sites hit hardest by the May 12th Wenchuan earthquake (Beichuan and Dujiangyan) as empirical cases, this study aims to explore how residents consider the development of tourism after the earthquake and how residents’ support for tourism is influenced by their risk perception (i.e., “perceived risk,” “risk-related emotions,” and “intended risk prevention”) and “place attachment.” The results demonstrate that 1) the higher the anticipated possibility of future secondary disasters and the more severe the disaster damages are, the more likely residents will exhibit intense negative emotions such as worry and anxiety; 2) the more intense their sense of risk, the more likely residents are willing to take preventive actions against possible future disasters, resulting in their willingness to support the development of tourism; 3) residents’ willingness towards risk prevention exerts a significantly positive impact on their place attachment and support for tourism; 4) stronger place attachment generates active support for tourism. This study explores and unveils residents’ attitudes towards the development of tourism in the aftermath of a large-scale disaster from the perspectives of residents’ perceived risk, risk-related emotions, risk prevention, and place attachment. It thus contributes to the development of tourism in the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction process.

Keywords: dark tourism; risk perception; place attachment; support for tourism; large-scale natural disaster; Wenchuan earthquake

中图分类号:

郑春晖,张捷. 自然灾难地居民风险知觉与旅游支持度的关系研究——以汶川大地震重灾区北川和都江堰为例[J]. 旅游导刊, 2020, 4(6): 43-58.

ZHENG Chunhui,ZHANG Jie. The Relationship Among Residents’ Risk Perception, Place Attachment and Support for Tourism in Post-Disaster Tourism Areas : A Study of Beichuan County and Dujiangyan City[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2020, 4(6): 43-58.

图/表 6

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人口及社会特征	比例（%）	人口及社会特征	比例（%）
性别		年龄
男	46.1	≤20岁	6.8
女	53.9	21~30岁	24.4
文化程度		31~40岁	28.7
小学及以下	19.4	41~50岁	27.7
初中	42.0	51~60岁	8.4
高中	28.4	≥61岁	4.0
大专及以上	10.2	民族
出生地本地非本地	75.0 25.0	汉	74.9
		藏	0.5
		羌	22.7
		回	1.9

人口及社会特征	比例（%）	人口及社会特征	比例（%）
性别		年龄
男	46.1	≤20岁	6.8
女	53.9	21~30岁	24.4
文化程度		31~40岁	28.7
小学及以下	19.4	41~50岁	27.7
初中	42.0	51~60岁	8.4
高中	28.4	≥61岁	4.0
大专及以上	10.2	民族
出生地本地非本地	75.0 25.0	汉	74.9
		藏	0.5
		羌	22.7
		回	1.9

因子／项目	均值	因子载荷	组合信度（CR）	平均方差提取值（AVE）
RP风险评价（α=0.794）			0.801	0.505
灾害发生的可能性较大	3.35	0.591
灾害发生时个人受灾可能性较大	3.60	0.805
灾害对我造成很大的威胁	3.69	0.780
灾害造成的后果持续很长时间	3.63	0.644
RE风险情感（α=0.789）			0.793	0.490
对于灾害风险,我感到非常绝望	3.12	0.707
对于灾害风险,我感到非常担心	3.75	0.786
对于灾害风险,我感到非常无助	3.45	0.655
对于灾害风险,我感到非常伤心	3.97	0.644
CI风险防御倾向（α=0.758）			0.763	0.520
我会尽力采取一些风险防御措施	4.16	0.767
我会尽力减少灾害风险带来的破坏	4.13	0.770
我会尽力进行个人互救、自我恢复	4.28	0.616
PI地方认同（α=0.818）			0.827	0.549
我对这里具有强烈的认同感	4.09	0.727
我感觉这里是我生命的一部分	4.12	0.825
我非常依恋这里	4.15	0.821
这里对我而言具有特殊的意义	4.21	0.559
PD地方依赖（α=0.712）			0.719	0.461
这里提供了其他地方无法提供的生活条件	3.71	0.625
我认为这里比其他地方都更适合人居住	4.11	0.687
我非常满意在这里的生活	4.13	0.721
SU旅游支持度（α=0.708）			0.825	0.542
这里有较好的旅游资源和条件	4.13	0.682
旅游业给我们带来了经济收益	3.75	0.745
我支持旅游业的进一步发展	4.35	0.780
我愿意参与旅游业的开发与经营工作	4.06	0.733

因子／项目	均值	因子载荷	组合信度（CR）	平均方差提取值（AVE）
RP风险评价（α=0.794）			0.801	0.505
灾害发生的可能性较大	3.35	0.591
灾害发生时个人受灾可能性较大	3.60	0.805
灾害对我造成很大的威胁	3.69	0.780
灾害造成的后果持续很长时间	3.63	0.644
RE风险情感（α=0.789）			0.793	0.490
对于灾害风险,我感到非常绝望	3.12	0.707
对于灾害风险,我感到非常担心	3.75	0.786
对于灾害风险,我感到非常无助	3.45	0.655
对于灾害风险,我感到非常伤心	3.97	0.644
CI风险防御倾向（α=0.758）			0.763	0.520
我会尽力采取一些风险防御措施	4.16	0.767
我会尽力减少灾害风险带来的破坏	4.13	0.770
我会尽力进行个人互救、自我恢复	4.28	0.616
PI地方认同（α=0.818）			0.827	0.549
我对这里具有强烈的认同感	4.09	0.727
我感觉这里是我生命的一部分	4.12	0.825
我非常依恋这里	4.15	0.821
这里对我而言具有特殊的意义	4.21	0.559
PD地方依赖（α=0.712）			0.719	0.461
这里提供了其他地方无法提供的生活条件	3.71	0.625
我认为这里比其他地方都更适合人居住	4.11	0.687
我非常满意在这里的生活	4.13	0.721
SU旅游支持度（α=0.708）			0.825	0.542
这里有较好的旅游资源和条件	4.13	0.682
旅游业给我们带来了经济收益	3.75	0.745
我支持旅游业的进一步发展	4.35	0.780
我愿意参与旅游业的开发与经营工作	4.06	0.733

拟合指标	绝对拟合指数
拟合指标	χ²/df	GFI	RMSEA	RMR	NFI	TLI	CFI	IFI	PNFI	PGFI
标准指数值	2.0-5.0	>0.90	<0.08	<0.08	>0.90	>0.90	>0.90	>0.90	>0.50	>0.50
假设模型	3.267	0.941	0.059	0.047	0.907	0.917	0.933	0.934	0.727	0.670