玩也可以是认真的吗?——国外游憩专业化研究述评

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.116

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

休闲游憩是满足居民美好生活需要的重要方式,虽然近年来国内有关休闲游憩主题的研究成果不断涌现,然而对于游憩专业化的讨论明显滞后,因此本文梳理和总结国外相关研究文献以期为国内研究提供有益参考。对“Web of Science核心合集数据库”检索到的文献成果从内容和方法角度进行全面分析发现：（1）国外在20世纪70年代就已提出游憩专业化议题及测量指标,之后经大量实证研究予以补充和完善。（2）研究方法由定性向定性与定量相结合、单一化向多元化、简便化向复杂化转变,尤其以结构方程模型为代表的社会统计方法近年来应用广泛。（3）从群体类型和活动属性两个层面予以区分并展开游憩专业化研究。（4）研究内容聚焦于概念讨论、维度测量及应用、与相关议题的关系、个体行为及社会影响等方面。本文最后给出了国内游憩专业化后续研究的相关建议。

关键词: 游憩专业化, 测量维度, 深度休闲, 畅爽体验, 地方依恋

Abstract:

Recreation specialization is a measure of the level of recreation participation, which can reflect the degree of satisfaction obtained from recreational experiences. While foreign academic circles have formed a relatively sound theoretical framework, studying and summarizing foreign literature can provide a useful reference for domestic research.
Through a comprehensive analysis, it is found that: (1) Foreign scholars have already put forward the topic of recreation specialization and measurement indicators in the 1970s, which have since been supplemented and improved upon by a large number of empirical studies. (2) The research methods are changing, from qualitative to a combination of qualitative and quantitative, from singularity to pluralism, and from simplicity to complexity. (3) Foreign scholars distinguish between group types and activity attributes to conduct research on recreational specialization. (4) The research focuses on concept discussion, measurement dimension and application, relationship with related issues, individual behavior, and social impact.
Based on China's national conditions, this paper proposes the following research suggestions. Firstly, we should pay due attention to and vigorously expand the research fields and achievements related to recreational specialization. Secondly, on the basis of the foreign conceptual framework, we should test the applicability of recreational activities in combination with the situation of recreational activities in China, and revise and complete them. At the same time, we should carry out specialized research on different activities and groups, focusing on the impact mechanism of recreation specialization. Finally, diversified research methods should be used to conduct interdisciplinary and multi-angle theoretical review and systematic analysis.

Key words: recreation specialization, measurement dimension, serious leisure, flow experience, place attachment

中图分类号:

刘松, 楼嘉军. 玩也可以是认真的吗?——国外游憩专业化研究述评[J]. 旅游导刊, 2019, 3(6): 64-82.

Song LIU, Jiajun LOU. Can We Play Seriously? A literature Review of Recreation Specialization[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2019, 3(6): 64-82.

图/表 4

参考文献 74

[1]	Anderson L E, Loomis D K.Normative standards for coral reef conditions: A comparison of scuba divers by specialization level[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2012, 44(2): 257~274.
[2]	Backlund E A, Kuentzel W F.Beyond progression in specialization research: Leisure capital and participation change[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2013, 35(3): 293~299. DOI URL
[3]	Beardmore B, Haider W, Hunt L M, et al.Evaluating the ability of specialization indicators to explain fishing preferences[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2013, 35(3): 273~292. DOI URL
[4]	Beardmore B.Boater perceptions of environmental issues affecting lakes in Northern Wisconsin[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2015, 51(2): 537~549. DOI URL
[5]	Bentz J, Lopes F, Calado H, et al.Managing marine wildlife tourism activities: Analysis of motivations and specialization levels of divers and whale watchers[J]. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2016, 18: 74~83. DOI URL
[6]	Bricker K S, Kerstetter D L.Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2000, 22(4): 233~257. DOI URL
[7]	Bryan H.Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1977, 9(3): 174~187. DOI URL
[8]	Bryan H.Conflict in the Great Outdoors: Toward Understanding and Managing for Diverse Sportsmen Preferences[M]. Tuscaloosa: Bureau of Public Administration, The University of Alabama, 1979.
[9]	Bryan H.Recreation specialization revisited[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2000, 32(1): 18~21. DOI URL
[10]	Cheung L T O, Lo A Y H, Fok L. Recreational specialization and ecologically responsible behaviour of Chinese birdwatchers in Hong Kong[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2017, 25(6): 817~831. DOI URL
[11]	Chipman B D, Helfrich L A.Recreational specializations and motivations of Virginia river anglers[J]. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 1988, 8(4): 390~398. DOI URL
[12]	Cottrell S P, Graefe A R, Confer Jr J.Recreation specialization: Hierarchy of boating subactivities revisited[J]. World Leisure Journal, 2004, 46(4): 35~47. DOI URL
[13]	Csikszentmihalyi M.Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: The Experience of Play in Work and Games[M]. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1975.
[14]	Donnelly M P, Vaske J J, Graefe, A R.Degree and range of recreation specialization:Toward a typology of boating related activities[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1986, 18(2): 81~95. DOI URL
[15]	Ditton R B, Loomis D K, Choi S.Recreation specialization: Re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1992, 24(1): 33~51. DOI URL
[16]	Ewert A, Hollenhorst S.Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience[J]. Leisure Sciences, 1994, 16(3): 177~191. DOI URL
[17]	Fisher M R.Segmentation of the angler population by catch preference, participation, and experience: A management-oriented application of recreation specialization[J]. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 1997, 17(1): 1~10. DOI URL
[18]	Galloway S.Recreation specialization among New Zealand river recreation users: A multiactivity study of motivation and site preference[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2012, 34(3): 256~271. DOI URL
[19]	Jett J S, Thapa B, Ko Y J.Recreation specialization and boater speed compliance in manatee zones[J]. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2009, 14(4): 278~292. DOI URL
[20]	Jun J, Kyle G, Graefe A, et al.An identity-based conceptualization of recreation specialization[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2015, 47(4): 425~443. DOI URL
[21]	Kerins A J, Scott D, Shafer C S.Evaluating the efficacy of a self-classification measure of recreation specialization in the context of ultimate Frisbee[J]. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 2007, 25(3): 1~22.
[22]	Kuentzel W F, Heberlein T A.Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters[J]. Leisure Sciences, 1992, 14(3): 211~226. DOI URL
[23]	Kuentzel W F, Heberlein T A.Social status, self-development, and the process of sailing specialization[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1997, 29(3): 300~319. DOI URL
[24]	Kuentzel W F, Heberlein T A.From novice to expert? A panel study of specialization progression and change[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2006, 38(4): 496~512. DOI URL
[25]	Kuentzel W F, Heberlein T A.Life course changes and competing leisure interests as obstacles to boating specialization[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2008, 30(2): 143~157. DOI URL
[26]	Kuentzel W F, Mcdonald C D.Differential-effects of past experience, commitment, and life-style dimensions on river use specialization[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1992, 24(3): 269~287. DOI URL
[27]	Lee J H, Scott D.Measuring birding specialization: A confirmatory factor analysis[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2004, 26(3): 245~260. DOI URL
[28]	Lee J H, Scott D.For better or worse? A structural model of the benefits and costs associated with recreational specialization[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2006, 28(1): 17~38. DOI URL PMID
[29]	Lee S, Scott D.Empirical linkages between serious leisure and recreational specialization[J]. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2013, 18(6): 450~462. DOI URL
[30]	Lessard S K, Morse W C, Lepczyk C A, et al.Perceptions of Whooping Cranes among waterfowl hunters in Alabama: Using specialization, awareness, knowledge, and attitudes to understand conservation behavior[J]. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2018, 23(3): 227~241. DOI URL
[31]	McFarlane B L. Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers[J]. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 1994, 22(3): 361~370.
[32]	McFarlane B L. Recreation specialization and site choice among vehicle-based campers[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2004, 26(3): 309~322. DOI URL
[33]	McFarlane B L, Boxall P C. Exploring forest and recreation management preferences of forest recreationists in Alberta[J]. Forestry Chronicle, 1996, 72(6): 623~629. DOI URL
[34]	McIntyre N, Pigram J J. Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle‐based campers[J]. Leisure Sciences, 1992, 14(1): 3~15. DOI URL
[35]	Miller C A, Graefe A R.Degree and range of specialization across related hunting activities[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2000, 22(3): 195~204. DOI URL
[36]	Miller Z D, Hallo J C, Sharp J L, et al.Birding by ear: A study of recreational specialization and soundscape preference[J]. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2014, 19(6): 498~511. DOI URL
[37]	Morgan M, Soucy J.Use of recreation specialization to understand resource knowledge of trout anglers[J]. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 2009, 7(4): 155~163. DOI URL PMID
[38]	Needham M D, Scott D, Vaske J J.Recreation specialization and related concepts in leisure research[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2013, 35(3): 199~202. DOI URL PMID
[39]	Needham M D, Vaske J J, Donnelly M P, et al.Hunting specialization and its relationship to participation in response to chronic wasting disease[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2007, 39(3): 413~437. DOI URL
[40]	Needham M D, Vaske J J.Activity substitutability and degree of specialization among deer and elk hunters in multiple states[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2013, 35(3): 235~255. DOI URL
[41]	Oh C O, Ditton R B.Using recreation specialization to understand multi-attribute management preferences[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2006, 28(4): 369~384. DOI URL
[42]	Oh C O, Ditton R B.Using recreation specialization to understand conservation support[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2008, 40(4): 556~573.
[43]	Oh C O, Lyu S O, Hammitt W E.Predictive linkages between recreation specialization and place attachment[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2012, 44(1): 70~87.
[44]	Oh C O, Sorice M G, Ditton R B.Exploring progression along the recreation specialization continuum using a latent growth approach[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2010, 33(1): 15~31. DOI URL
[45]	Oh C O, Sutton S G, Sorice M G.Assessing the role of recreation specialization in fishing site substitution[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2013, 35(3): 256~272. DOI URL
[46]	Salz R J, Loomis D K.Recreation specialization and anglers’ attitudes towards restricted fishing areas[J]. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2005, 10(3): 187~199. DOI URL
[47]	Schreyer R, Beaulieu J T.Attribute preferences for wildland recreation settings[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1986, 18(4): 231~247. DOI URL
[48]	Schroeder S A, Fulton D C, Lawrence J S, et al.Identity and specialization as a waterfowl hunter[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2013, 35(3): 218~234. DOI URL
[49]	Scott D.Serious leisure and recreation specialization: An uneasy marriage[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2012, 34(4): 366~371. DOI URL
[50]	Scott D, Godbey G.Recreation specialization in the social world of contract bridge[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1994, 26(3): 275~295. DOI URL
[51]	Scott D, Lee J H.Progression, stability, or decline? Sociological mechanisms underlying change in specialization among birdwatchers[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2010, 32(2): 180~194. DOI URL PMID
[52]	Scott D, Shafer C S.Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2001, 33(3): 319~343. DOI URL
[53]	Shafer C S, Hammitt W E.Purism revisited - specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent[J]. Leisure Sciences, 1995, 17(1): 15~30. DOI URL
[54]	Sorice M G, Oh C O, Ditton R B.Exploring level of support for management restrictions using a self-classification measure of recreation specialization[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2009, 31(2): 107~123. DOI URL
[55]	Stebbins R A.Serious leisure: A conceptual statement[J]. Pacific Sociological Review, 1982, 25(2): 251~272. DOI URL
[56]	Sutton S G, Oh C O.How do recreationists make activity substitution decisions? A case of recreational fishing[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2015, 37(4): 332~353. DOI URL
[57]	Thapa B, Graefe A R, Meyer L A.Moderator and mediator effects of scuba diving specialization on marine-based environmental knowledge-behavior contingency[J]. The Journal of Environmental Education, 2005, 37(1): 53~67. DOI URL
[58]	Thapa B, Graefe A R, Meyer L A.Specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2006, 38(4): 601~615. DOI URL
[59]	Tsaur S H, Liang Y W.Serious leisure and recreation specialization[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2008, 30(4): 325~341. DOI URL PMID
[60]	Virden R J, Schreyer R.Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference[J]. Environment and Behavior, 1988, 20(6): 721~739. DOI URL
[61]	Waight C F, Bath A J.Recreation specialization among ATV users and its relationship to environmental attitudes and management preferences on the island of Newfoundland[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2014, 36(2): 161~182. DOI URL
[62]	Wellman J D, Roggenbuck J W, Smith A C.Recreation specialization and norms of depreciative behavior among canoeists[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 1982, 14(4): 323~340. DOI URL
[63]	Won D, Bang H, Shonk D J.Relative importance of factors involved in choosing a regional ski destination: Influence of consumption situation and recreation specialization[J]. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 2008, 13(4): 249~271. DOI URL PMID
[64]	W?ran B, Arnberger A.Exploring relationships between recreation specialization, restorative environments and mountain hikers’ flow experience[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2012, 34(2): 95~114. DOI URL
[65]	Wu T C, Scott D, Yang C C.Advanced or addicted? Exploring the relationship of recreation specialization to flow experiences and online game addiction[J]. Leisure Sciences, 2013, 35(3): 203~217. DOI URL
[66]	李素馨. 典型相关分析——专业程度、游憩动机和基地属性认知关系之探讨[J]. 户外游憩研究, 1984, 7(3): 39~62.
[67]	梁英文, 曹胜雄. 认真性休闲与场所依恋之关系: 游憩专门化扮演的角色[J]. 户外游憩研究, 2007, 20(3): 1~24.
[68]	刘松, 楼嘉军. 休闲约束与游憩专业化结构关系研究——以露营爱好者为例[J]. 浙江工商大学学报, 2016(5): 87~96.
[69]	刘松, 楼嘉军. 深度休闲与游憩专业化关系研究——以摄影爱好者为例[J]. 安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2017, 45(1): 107~113.
[70]	欧双盘, 侯锦雄. 登山者游憩专门化与登山类型偏好[J]. 户外游憩研究, 2007, 20(4): 51~74.
[71]	汤澍, 汤淏, 陈玲玲. 深度休闲、游憩专门化与地方依恋的关系研究——以紫金山登山游憩者为例[J]. 生态经济, 2014, 30(12): 96~103.
[72]	王志宏, 张继文. 认真性休闲与游憩专门化之关系: 社会资本之中介效果[J]. 户外游憩研究, 2013, 26(1): 105~134.
[73]	徐燕, 李爱菊, 郭帅新, 等. 居民户外休闲性身体活动和环境空间研究——基于社区玩耍与游憩观察系统方法[J]. 武汉体育学院学报, 2018, 52(4): 32~37.
[74]	赵宏杰, 吴必虎. 长城攀登者游憩专业化与地方依恋关系之研究[J]. 人文地理, 2012, 27(1): 127~135.

序号	来源出版物	篇数	占比（%）	序号	国家/地区	篇数	占比（%）
1	Leisure Sciences	59	32.78	1	美国	106	58.89
2	Journal of Leisure Research	41	22.78	2	加拿大	32	17.78
3	Environment Management	9	5.00	3	澳大利亚	20	11.11
序号	机构	篇数	占比（%）	序号	作者	篇数	占比（%）
1	Texas A&M University System	62	34.44	1	Scott D	17	9.44
2	Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education	29	16.11	2	Oh C O	14	7.78
3	Clemson University	18	10.00	3	Ditton R B	10	5.56

序号	来源出版物	篇数	占比（%）	序号	国家/地区	篇数	占比（%）
1	Leisure Sciences	59	32.78	1	美国	106	58.89
2	Journal of Leisure Research	41	22.78	2	加拿大	32	17.78
3	Environment Management	9	5.00	3	澳大利亚	20	11.11
序号	机构	篇数	占比（%）	序号	作者	篇数	占比（%）
1	Texas A&M University System	62	34.44	1	Scott D	17	9.44
2	Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education	29	16.11	2	Oh C O	14	7.78
3	Clemson University	18	10.00	3	Ditton R B	10	5.56

活动	作者及年份	活动	作者及年份
激流皮划艇	Wellman et al.,1982;Kuentzel & McDonald,1992;Ewert & Hollenhorst,1994;Bricker & Kerstetter,2000	观鸟和野生动物观赏	McFarlane,1994;McFarlane & Boxall,1996;Lee & Scott,2004/2006/2013;Scott & Lee,2010;Miller,Hallo & Sharp,et al.,2014
划船和帆船运动	Donnelly,Vaske & Graefe,1986;Kuentzel & Heberlein,1997;Cottrell,Graefe & Confer,2004;Kuentzel & Heberlein,2006;Jett,Thapa B & Ko,2009;Beardmore,2015	垂钓	Ditton,Loomis & Choi,1992;Fisher,1997;Salz & Loomis,2005;Oh & Ditton,2006;Morgan & Soucy,2009;Galloway,2012;Beardmore,Haider & Hunt,2013;Sutton & Oh,2015
打猎	Kuentzel & Heberlein,1992;Miller & Graefe,2000;Needham,Vaske & Donnelly,et al.,2007;Needham & Vaske,2013;Schroeder,Fulton & Lawrence,et al.,2013	徒步和背包旅行	Virden & Schreyer,1988;Shafer & Hammit,1995;Jun,Kyle & Graefe,et al.,2015
潜水	Thapa,Graefe & Meyer,2006;Sorice,Oh & Ditton,2009;Anderson & Loomis,2012	露营	McIntyre & Pigram,1992;McFarlane,2004
骑乘	Waight & Bath,2014	荒地游憩	Schreyer & Beaulieu,1986
攀岩	Ewert & Hollenhorst,1994	滑雪	Won,Bang & Shonk,2008
极限飞盘	Kerins,Scott & Shafer,2007	合约桥牌	Scott & Godbey,1994
在线游戏	Wu,Scott & Yang,2013

活动	作者及年份	活动	作者及年份
激流皮划艇	Wellman et al.,1982;Kuentzel & McDonald,1992;Ewert & Hollenhorst,1994;Bricker & Kerstetter,2000	观鸟和野生动物观赏	McFarlane,1994;McFarlane & Boxall,1996;Lee & Scott,2004/2006/2013;Scott & Lee,2010;Miller,Hallo & Sharp,et al.,2014
划船和帆船运动	Donnelly,Vaske & Graefe,1986;Kuentzel & Heberlein,1997;Cottrell,Graefe & Confer,2004;Kuentzel & Heberlein,2006;Jett,Thapa B & Ko,2009;Beardmore,2015	垂钓	Ditton,Loomis & Choi,1992;Fisher,1997;Salz & Loomis,2005;Oh & Ditton,2006;Morgan & Soucy,2009;Galloway,2012;Beardmore,Haider & Hunt,2013;Sutton & Oh,2015
打猎	Kuentzel & Heberlein,1992;Miller & Graefe,2000;Needham,Vaske & Donnelly,et al.,2007;Needham & Vaske,2013;Schroeder,Fulton & Lawrence,et al.,2013	徒步和背包旅行	Virden & Schreyer,1988;Shafer & Hammit,1995;Jun,Kyle & Graefe,et al.,2015
潜水	Thapa,Graefe & Meyer,2006;Sorice,Oh & Ditton,2009;Anderson & Loomis,2012	露营	McIntyre & Pigram,1992;McFarlane,2004
骑乘	Waight & Bath,2014	荒地游憩	Schreyer & Beaulieu,1986
攀岩	Ewert & Hollenhorst,1994	滑雪	Won,Bang & Shonk,2008
极限飞盘	Kerins,Scott & Shafer,2007	合约桥牌	Scott & Godbey,1994
在线游戏	Wu,Scott & Yang,2013