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旅游导刊 ›› 2021, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (2): 35-65.DOI: 10.12054/lydk.bisu.158
收稿日期:
2020-04-26
修回日期:
2020-10-26
出版日期:
2021-04-30
发布日期:
2021-03-24
作者简介:
孙盼盼(1983— ),女,江苏徐州人,管理学博士,华侨大学旅游学院副教授、硕士生导师,研究方向:区域旅游经济与旅游管理研究。E-mail: 基金资助:
Received:
2020-04-26
Revised:
2020-10-26
Online:
2021-04-30
Published:
2021-03-24
摘要:
旅游产业结构优化升级对旅游产业提质增效和可持续发展至关重要。本文利用2000—2015年31个省(直辖市、自治区)的统计数据建立简单中介效应模型和有调节的中介效应模型,从人力资本理论角度实证检验地方政府教育投入通过旅游业人力资本数量和质量促进旅游产业结构优化升级的作用机制,以及该机制在旅游院校人力资本调节下的变化。研究发现:(1)高的政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级具有积极影响,却受到旅游院校人力资本数量和质量以及高等旅游院校人力资本数量的负向调节;(2)地方政府教育投入有助于旅游业人力资本数量的增加,对旅游产业结构优化升级产生间接促进作用;(3)地方政府教育投入未能促进旅游业人力资本质量提升,也不能通过提升旅游业人力资本质量来推动旅游产业结构优化升级;(4)旅游院校和高等旅游院校人力资本数量的调节效应显著,均导致地方政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的作用机制发生改变;旅游院校人力资本质量和中等职业旅游院校人力资本数量的调节效应不显著,未改变原有作用机制;(5)各调节变量(中职旅游院校人力资本除外)使得地方政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的促进作用有所增强,促进力度却会逐渐减弱;(6)地方政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的直接影响大于间接影响。
中图分类号:
孙盼盼,赖丽君. 地方政府教育投入、旅游业人力资本与旅游产业结构优化升级——基于简单中介效应模型和有调节的中介效应模型的对比检验[J]. 旅游导刊, 2021, 5(2): 35-65.
SUN PanPan,LAI Lijun. Local Government Investment in Education, Tourism Human Capital, and Optimization and Upgrading of the Tourism Industry Structure: A Comparative Test Based on the Simple Mediation Model and the Moderated Mediation Model[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2021, 5(2): 35-65.
变量 Variable | 符号 Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 均值 Mean | 标准差 Standard deviation | 最小值 Min | 最大值 Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
因变量 Dependent Variable | lntiss | 旅游产业结构优化升级 | -0.614 | 0.651 | -3.868 | 1.18 |
自变量 Independent Variable | l.lgei | 地方政府教育投入 | 0.676 | 0.718 | 0.064 | 5.08 |
中介变量 Mediator | ntl | 旅游业人力资本数量 | 7.876 | 7.629 | 0.209 | 61.44 |
rte | 旅游业人力资本质量 | 1.346 | 1.072 | 0.034 | 7.66 | |
调节变量 Moderator | nts | 旅游院校人力资本数量 | 2.426 | 2.568 | 0.018 | 16.08 |
rhcts | 旅游院校人力资本质量 | 0.577 | 0.209 | 0.081 | 1.00 | |
nhcts | 高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | 1.280 | 1.294 | 0.009 | 9.36 | |
nsvcts | 中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | 1.182 | 1.699 | 0.000 | 12.67 | |
控制变量 Covariant | ti | 交通基础设施水平 | 36.34 | 20.37 | 5.640 | 96.96 |
tfc | 旅游业固定资本 | 182.4 | 125.9 | 3.619 | 736.50 | |
tl | 科技水平 | 16.94 | 12.21 | 1 | 68 | |
tr | 旅游资源禀赋 | 61.39 | 42.43 | 2 | 214 | |
hrc | 酒店接待能力 | 41.32 | 42.16 | 2 | 208 | |
nta | 旅行社数量 | 0.359 | 0.252 | 0 | 1 |
表1 变量含义和描述性统计
Tab.1 Meaning and statistical description of variable
变量 Variable | 符号 Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 均值 Mean | 标准差 Standard deviation | 最小值 Min | 最大值 Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
因变量 Dependent Variable | lntiss | 旅游产业结构优化升级 | -0.614 | 0.651 | -3.868 | 1.18 |
自变量 Independent Variable | l.lgei | 地方政府教育投入 | 0.676 | 0.718 | 0.064 | 5.08 |
中介变量 Mediator | ntl | 旅游业人力资本数量 | 7.876 | 7.629 | 0.209 | 61.44 |
rte | 旅游业人力资本质量 | 1.346 | 1.072 | 0.034 | 7.66 | |
调节变量 Moderator | nts | 旅游院校人力资本数量 | 2.426 | 2.568 | 0.018 | 16.08 |
rhcts | 旅游院校人力资本质量 | 0.577 | 0.209 | 0.081 | 1.00 | |
nhcts | 高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | 1.280 | 1.294 | 0.009 | 9.36 | |
nsvcts | 中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | 1.182 | 1.699 | 0.000 | 12.67 | |
控制变量 Covariant | ti | 交通基础设施水平 | 36.34 | 20.37 | 5.640 | 96.96 |
tfc | 旅游业固定资本 | 182.4 | 125.9 | 3.619 | 736.50 | |
tl | 科技水平 | 16.94 | 12.21 | 1 | 68 | |
tr | 旅游资源禀赋 | 61.39 | 42.43 | 2 | 214 | |
hrc | 酒店接待能力 | 41.32 | 42.16 | 2 | 208 | |
nta | 旅行社数量 | 0.359 | 0.252 | 0 | 1 |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | |
l.lgei | 0.630*** | 0.380*** | 0.095 | 0.165** | 0.062 | 0.083 | 0.087** |
地方政府教育投入 | (0.085) | (0.089) | (0.065) | (0.077) | (0.064) | (0.064) | (0.042) |
ti | 0.021*** | 0.019*** | 0.015*** | 0.017*** | 0.015*** | 0.017*** | |
交通基础设施 | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | |
tfc | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | ||
旅游业固定资本 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | ||
tl | 0.005 | 0.007* | 0.007* | 0.006*** | |||
技术水平 | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.002) | |||
trc | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.001 | ||||
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | ||||
hrc | 0.003* | 0.002** | |||||
酒店接待能力 | (0.001) | (0.001) | |||||
nta | -0.964*** | ||||||
旅行社数量 | (0.297) | ||||||
Constant | -0.998*** (0.057) | -1.693*** (0.099) | -1.727*** (0.092) | -1.747*** (0.089) | -1.739*** (0.084) | -1.818*** (0.109) | -1.523*** (0.112) |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.461 | 0.604 | 0.688 | 0.653 | 0.694 | 0.699 | 0.706 |
表2 地方政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的总体影响(无调节变量OLS回归)
Tab.2 The overall impact of lgei on the outis(OLS regression without the moderator)
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | |
l.lgei | 0.630*** | 0.380*** | 0.095 | 0.165** | 0.062 | 0.083 | 0.087** |
地方政府教育投入 | (0.085) | (0.089) | (0.065) | (0.077) | (0.064) | (0.064) | (0.042) |
ti | 0.021*** | 0.019*** | 0.015*** | 0.017*** | 0.015*** | 0.017*** | |
交通基础设施 | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | |
tfc | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | ||
旅游业固定资本 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | ||
tl | 0.005 | 0.007* | 0.007* | 0.006*** | |||
技术水平 | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.002) | |||
trc | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.001 | ||||
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | ||||
hrc | 0.003* | 0.002** | |||||
酒店接待能力 | (0.001) | (0.001) | |||||
nta | -0.964*** | ||||||
旅行社数量 | (0.297) | ||||||
Constant | -0.998*** (0.057) | -1.693*** (0.099) | -1.727*** (0.092) | -1.747*** (0.089) | -1.739*** (0.084) | -1.818*** (0.109) | -1.523*** (0.112) |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.461 | 0.604 | 0.688 | 0.653 | 0.694 | 0.699 | 0.706 |
变量 | IV估计结果 lntiss | IV第一阶段估计结果 l.lgei |
l.lgei | 0.117*** (0.037) | |
地方政府教育投入 | ||
ti | 0.010*** (0.001) | 0.002*** (0.000) |
交通基础设施 | ||
tfc | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) |
旅游业固定资本 | ||
tl | 0.012*** (0.002) | -0.006*** (0.001) |
技术水平 | ||
trc | -0.000 (0.001) | -0.001** (0.000) |
旅游资源禀赋 | ||
hrc | 0.004*** (0.001) | 0.000 (0.000) |
酒店接待能力 | ||
nta | -0.576*** (0.100) | 0.003 (0.047) |
旅行社数量 | ||
l.ppsef | 1.095*** (0.075) | |
初中生人均教育经费 | ||
l.pjsef | 0.226*** (0.042) | |
小学生人均教育经费 | ||
Constant | -1.582*** (0.036) | -0.024*** (0.017) |
R-squared | 0.764 8 | 0.959 5 |
Observations | 465 | 465 |
外生性检验 | 12.794 1(0.000 3) | |
12.901 4(0.000 3) | ||
相关性检验 | 1 591.67(0.000 0) |
表3 政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的总体影响(无调节变量 IV 2SLS回归)
Tab.3 The overall impact of lgei on the optis(IV 2SLS regression without the moderator)
变量 | IV估计结果 lntiss | IV第一阶段估计结果 l.lgei |
l.lgei | 0.117*** (0.037) | |
地方政府教育投入 | ||
ti | 0.010*** (0.001) | 0.002*** (0.000) |
交通基础设施 | ||
tfc | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) |
旅游业固定资本 | ||
tl | 0.012*** (0.002) | -0.006*** (0.001) |
技术水平 | ||
trc | -0.000 (0.001) | -0.001** (0.000) |
旅游资源禀赋 | ||
hrc | 0.004*** (0.001) | 0.000 (0.000) |
酒店接待能力 | ||
nta | -0.576*** (0.100) | 0.003 (0.047) |
旅行社数量 | ||
l.ppsef | 1.095*** (0.075) | |
初中生人均教育经费 | ||
l.pjsef | 0.226*** (0.042) | |
小学生人均教育经费 | ||
Constant | -1.582*** (0.036) | -0.024*** (0.017) |
R-squared | 0.764 8 | 0.959 5 |
Observations | 465 | 465 |
外生性检验 | 12.794 1(0.000 3) | |
12.901 4(0.000 3) | ||
相关性检验 | 1 591.67(0.000 0) |
变量 | (1) lntiss | (2) lntiss | (3) lntiss | (4) lntiss |
---|---|---|---|---|
l.lgei | 0.137** (0.062) | 0.327** (0.135) | 0.209*** (0.057) | 0.091 (0.060) |
地方政府教育投入 | ||||
nts | 0.036** (0.016) | |||
旅游院校人力资本数量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.nts | -0.060** (0.023) | |||
交互项1 | ||||
rhcts | 0.225* (0.128) | |||
旅游院校人力资本质量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.rhcts | -0.294** (0.134) | |||
交互项2 | ||||
nhcts | 0.077** (0.030) | |||
高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.nhcts | -0.144*** (0.031) | |||
交互项3 | ||||
nsvcts | 0.017 (0.015) | |||
中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.nsvcts | -0.018 (0.036) | |||
交互项4 | ||||
ti | 0.017*** (0.002) | 0.016*** (0.002) | 0.016*** (0.002) | 0.017*** (0.002) |
交通基础设施 | ||||
tfc | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) |
旅游固定资本 | ||||
tl | 0.007** (0.003) | 0.007* (0.003) | 0.007** (0.003) | 0.006* (0.003) |
技术水平 | ||||
trc | 0.001 (0.001) | -0.001 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.000 (0.001) |
旅游资源禀赋 | ||||
hrc | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.002 | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.002) |
酒店接待能力 | (0.002) | |||
tarc | -0.803 (0.475) | -0.908* (0.494) | -0.611 (0.437) | -0.971* (0.491) |
旅行社数量 | ||||
Constant | -1.578*** (0.193) | -1.634*** (0.207) | -1.641*** (0.173) | -1.521*** (0.203) |
R-squared | 0.714 | 0.710 | 0.722 | 0.707 |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
表4 地方政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的总体影响(有调节变量 OLS回归)
Tab.4 The overall impact of lgei on the outis(OLS regression including the moderator)
变量 | (1) lntiss | (2) lntiss | (3) lntiss | (4) lntiss |
---|---|---|---|---|
l.lgei | 0.137** (0.062) | 0.327** (0.135) | 0.209*** (0.057) | 0.091 (0.060) |
地方政府教育投入 | ||||
nts | 0.036** (0.016) | |||
旅游院校人力资本数量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.nts | -0.060** (0.023) | |||
交互项1 | ||||
rhcts | 0.225* (0.128) | |||
旅游院校人力资本质量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.rhcts | -0.294** (0.134) | |||
交互项2 | ||||
nhcts | 0.077** (0.030) | |||
高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.nhcts | -0.144*** (0.031) | |||
交互项3 | ||||
nsvcts | 0.017 (0.015) | |||
中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | ||||
c. l.lgei#c.nsvcts | -0.018 (0.036) | |||
交互项4 | ||||
ti | 0.017*** (0.002) | 0.016*** (0.002) | 0.016*** (0.002) | 0.017*** (0.002) |
交通基础设施 | ||||
tfc | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) |
旅游固定资本 | ||||
tl | 0.007** (0.003) | 0.007* (0.003) | 0.007** (0.003) | 0.006* (0.003) |
技术水平 | ||||
trc | 0.001 (0.001) | -0.001 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.000 (0.001) |
旅游资源禀赋 | ||||
hrc | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.002 | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.002) |
酒店接待能力 | (0.002) | |||
tarc | -0.803 (0.475) | -0.908* (0.494) | -0.611 (0.437) | -0.971* (0.491) |
旅行社数量 | ||||
Constant | -1.578*** (0.193) | -1.634*** (0.207) | -1.641*** (0.173) | -1.521*** (0.203) |
R-squared | 0.714 | 0.710 | 0.722 | 0.707 |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
无调节变量 | 有调节变量 | |||||
ntl | rte | ntl | ntl | ntl | rte | |
l.lgei | 2.444** | 0.054 | 2.363** | 2.978** | 2.146** | 0.417 |
地方政府教育投入 | (1.009) | (0.269) | (0.899) | (1.116) | (0.868) | (0.502) |
nts | -0.133 | |||||
旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.287) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.nts 交互项1 | -0.500 (0.324) | |||||
nhcts | -0.066 | |||||
高等旅游院校学生数量 | (0.280) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.nhcts | -0.931** | |||||
交互项2 | (0.434) | |||||
nsvcts | -0.216 | |||||
中职旅游院校学生数量 | (0.465) | |||||
c.l.lgei1#c.nsvcts | -0.321 | |||||
交互项3 | (0.503) | |||||
rhcts | -0.075 | |||||
旅游院校人力资本质量 | (0.392) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.rhcts | -0.412 | |||||
交互项4 | (0.363) | |||||
ti | 0.058 | 0.029** | 0.071* | 0.029** | 0.065* | 0.064* |
交通基础设施 | (0.034) | (0.012) | (0.040) | (0.011) | (0.038) | (0.036) |
tfc | -0.024*** | 0.004*** | -0.022*** | 0.004*** | -0.024*** | -0.023*** |
旅游固定资本 | (0.007) | (0.001) | (0.006) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.007) |
tl | 0.029 | -0.003 | 0.037 | -0.003 | 0.038 | 0.031 |
技术水平 | (0.056) | (0.005) | (0.054) | (0.006) | (0.055) | (0.055) |
trc | -0.007 | -0.006* | 0.005 | -0.006* | 0.005 | -0.004 |
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.013) | (0.003) | (0.009) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.011) |
hrc | 0.036 | -0.001 | 0.035 | -0.001 | 0.032 | 0.037 |
酒店接待能力 | (0.032) | (0.003) | (0.033) | (0.003) | (0.033) | (0.032) |
tarc | -8.279 | -1.072 | -4.537 | -0.946 | -4.083 | -7.255 |
旅行社数量 | (6.490) | (0.942) | (4.230) | (0.875) | (4.277) | (5.660) |
Constant | 9.246** | 0.209 | 7.690** | 0.182 | 7.521** | 8.839** |
(4.005) | (0.258) | (2.878) | (0.254) | (2.961) | (3.611) | |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.226 | 0.410 | 0.265 | 0.417 | 0.257 | 0.244 |
表5 地方政府教育投入对旅游业人力资本的影响
Tab.5 The impact of lgei on tourism human capital
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
无调节变量 | 有调节变量 | |||||
ntl | rte | ntl | ntl | ntl | rte | |
l.lgei | 2.444** | 0.054 | 2.363** | 2.978** | 2.146** | 0.417 |
地方政府教育投入 | (1.009) | (0.269) | (0.899) | (1.116) | (0.868) | (0.502) |
nts | -0.133 | |||||
旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.287) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.nts 交互项1 | -0.500 (0.324) | |||||
nhcts | -0.066 | |||||
高等旅游院校学生数量 | (0.280) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.nhcts | -0.931** | |||||
交互项2 | (0.434) | |||||
nsvcts | -0.216 | |||||
中职旅游院校学生数量 | (0.465) | |||||
c.l.lgei1#c.nsvcts | -0.321 | |||||
交互项3 | (0.503) | |||||
rhcts | -0.075 | |||||
旅游院校人力资本质量 | (0.392) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.rhcts | -0.412 | |||||
交互项4 | (0.363) | |||||
ti | 0.058 | 0.029** | 0.071* | 0.029** | 0.065* | 0.064* |
交通基础设施 | (0.034) | (0.012) | (0.040) | (0.011) | (0.038) | (0.036) |
tfc | -0.024*** | 0.004*** | -0.022*** | 0.004*** | -0.024*** | -0.023*** |
旅游固定资本 | (0.007) | (0.001) | (0.006) | (0.001) | (0.007) | (0.007) |
tl | 0.029 | -0.003 | 0.037 | -0.003 | 0.038 | 0.031 |
技术水平 | (0.056) | (0.005) | (0.054) | (0.006) | (0.055) | (0.055) |
trc | -0.007 | -0.006* | 0.005 | -0.006* | 0.005 | -0.004 |
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.013) | (0.003) | (0.009) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.011) |
hrc | 0.036 | -0.001 | 0.035 | -0.001 | 0.032 | 0.037 |
酒店接待能力 | (0.032) | (0.003) | (0.033) | (0.003) | (0.033) | (0.032) |
tarc | -8.279 | -1.072 | -4.537 | -0.946 | -4.083 | -7.255 |
旅行社数量 | (6.490) | (0.942) | (4.230) | (0.875) | (4.277) | (5.660) |
Constant | 9.246** | 0.209 | 7.690** | 0.182 | 7.521** | 8.839** |
(4.005) | (0.258) | (2.878) | (0.254) | (2.961) | (3.611) | |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.226 | 0.410 | 0.265 | 0.417 | 0.257 | 0.244 |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
无调节变量 | 有调节变量 | |||||
lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | |
l.lgei | 0.061 | 0.085** | 0.124* | 0.181*** | 0.071 | 0.316** |
地方政府教育投入 | (0.043) | (0.042) | (0.066) | (0.059) | (0.063) | (0.137) |
ntl | 0.010** | 0.011** | 0.009* | 0.012* | ||
旅游业人力资本数量 | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | ||
rte | 0.032 | 0.010 | ||||
旅游业人力资本质量 | (0.021) | (0.064) | ||||
nts | 0.067*** | |||||
旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.022) | |||||
c. l.lgei#c.nts | -0.050** | |||||
交互项1 | (0.021) | |||||
c.ntl#c.nts | -0.003** | |||||
交互项2 | (0.001) | |||||
nhcts | 0.113*** | |||||
高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.033) | |||||
c. l.lgei#c.nhcts | -0.117*** | |||||
交互项3 | (0.031) | |||||
c.ntl#c.nhcts | -0.005* | |||||
交互项4 | (0.003) | |||||
nsvcts | 0.045 | |||||
中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.039) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.nsvcts | -0.013 | |||||
交互项5 | (0.035) | |||||
c.ntl#c.nsvcts | -0.002 | |||||
交互项6 | (0.003) | |||||
rhcts | 0.191 | |||||
旅游院校人力资本质量 | (0.193) | |||||
c. l.lgei#c.rhcts | -0.285** | |||||
交互项7 | (0.134) | |||||
c.rte#c.rhcts | 0.030 | |||||
交互项8 | (0.106) | |||||
ti | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.015*** |
交通基础设施 | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) |
tfc | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** |
旅游固定资本 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
tl | 0.006*** | 0.006*** | 0.006* | 0.006** | 0.006 | 0.007* |
技术水平 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) |
trc | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 |
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
hrc | 0.002* | 0.002** | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
酒店接待能力 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) |
tarc | -0.878*** | -0.930*** | -0.701 | -0.510 | -0.883* | -0.875* |
旅行社数量 | (0.298) | (0.297) | (0.455) | (0.422) | (0.487) | (0.488) |
Constant | -1.619*** | -1.530*** | -1.693*** | -1.745*** | -1.629*** | -1.623*** |
(0.119) | (0.112) | (0.194) | (0.179) | (0.208) | (0.223) | |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.710 | 0.708 | 0.721 | 0.728 | 0.712 | 0.712 |
表6 地方政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的作用机制
Tab.6 The impact mechanism of lgei on the outis
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
无调节变量 | 有调节变量 | |||||
lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | |
l.lgei | 0.061 | 0.085** | 0.124* | 0.181*** | 0.071 | 0.316** |
地方政府教育投入 | (0.043) | (0.042) | (0.066) | (0.059) | (0.063) | (0.137) |
ntl | 0.010** | 0.011** | 0.009* | 0.012* | ||
旅游业人力资本数量 | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | ||
rte | 0.032 | 0.010 | ||||
旅游业人力资本质量 | (0.021) | (0.064) | ||||
nts | 0.067*** | |||||
旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.022) | |||||
c. l.lgei#c.nts | -0.050** | |||||
交互项1 | (0.021) | |||||
c.ntl#c.nts | -0.003** | |||||
交互项2 | (0.001) | |||||
nhcts | 0.113*** | |||||
高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.033) | |||||
c. l.lgei#c.nhcts | -0.117*** | |||||
交互项3 | (0.031) | |||||
c.ntl#c.nhcts | -0.005* | |||||
交互项4 | (0.003) | |||||
nsvcts | 0.045 | |||||
中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.039) | |||||
c.l.lgei#c.nsvcts | -0.013 | |||||
交互项5 | (0.035) | |||||
c.ntl#c.nsvcts | -0.002 | |||||
交互项6 | (0.003) | |||||
rhcts | 0.191 | |||||
旅游院校人力资本质量 | (0.193) | |||||
c. l.lgei#c.rhcts | -0.285** | |||||
交互项7 | (0.134) | |||||
c.rte#c.rhcts | 0.030 | |||||
交互项8 | (0.106) | |||||
ti | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.015*** |
交通基础设施 | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) |
tfc | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** |
旅游固定资本 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
tl | 0.006*** | 0.006*** | 0.006* | 0.006** | 0.006 | 0.007* |
技术水平 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) |
trc | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 |
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
hrc | 0.002* | 0.002** | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
酒店接待能力 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) |
tarc | -0.878*** | -0.930*** | -0.701 | -0.510 | -0.883* | -0.875* |
旅行社数量 | (0.298) | (0.297) | (0.455) | (0.422) | (0.487) | (0.488) |
Constant | -1.619*** | -1.530*** | -1.693*** | -1.745*** | -1.629*** | -1.623*** |
(0.119) | (0.112) | (0.194) | (0.179) | (0.208) | (0.223) | |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.710 | 0.708 | 0.721 | 0.728 | 0.712 | 0.712 |
变量 | 因变量数据标准化 | 缩尾1% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | |
l.lgei | 0.130* | 0.191*** | 0.068 | 0.305** | 0.165** | 0.206*** | 0.114* | 0.314** |
地方政府教育投入 | (0.070) | (0.060) | (0.067) | (0.146) | (0.061) | (0.060) | (0.060) | (0.127) |
ntl | 0.012** | 0.009* (0.005) | 0.013* | 0.011* | 0.010* | 0.011* | ||
旅游业人力资本数量 | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.008) | |||
rte | 0.183 | 0.176 | ||||||
旅游业人力资本质量 | (0.210) | (0.189) | ||||||
nts | 0.077*** | 0.072*** | ||||||
旅游院校人力资本 数量 | (0.024) | (0.021) | ||||||
c.gei#c.nts | -0.060** | -0.047** | ||||||
交互项1 | (0.023) | (0.020) | ||||||
c.ntl#c.nts | -0.003** | -0.004*** | ||||||
交互项2 | (0.001) | (0.001) | ||||||
nhcts | 0.124*** | 0.117*** | ||||||
高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.035) | (0.032) | ||||||
c.gei#c.nhcts | -0.132*** | -0.111*** | ||||||
交互项3 | (0.033) | (0.031) | ||||||
c.ntl#c.nhcts | -0.005* | -0.006** | ||||||
交互项4 | (0.003) | (0.003) | ||||||
nsvcts | 0.056 | 0.057 | ||||||
中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.045) | (0.041) | ||||||
c.gei#c.nsvcts | -0.021 | -0.016 | ||||||
交互项5 | (0.039) | (0.036) | ||||||
c.ntl#c.nsvcts | -0.003 | -0.003 | ||||||
交互项6 | (0.003) | (0.003) | ||||||
rhcts | -0.273* | -0.249* | ||||||
旅游院校人力资本 质量 | (0.147) | (0.126) | ||||||
c.gei#c.rhcts | 0.019 | 0.013 | ||||||
交互项7 | (0.069) | (0.064) | ||||||
c.rte#c.rhcts | 0.017 | 0.026 | ||||||
交互项8 | (0.117) | (0.103) | ||||||
ti | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.014*** |
交通基础设施 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) |
tfc | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** |
旅游固定资本 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
tl | 0.006* | 0.006** | 0.006 | 0.007* | 0.005 | 0.006** | 0.005 | 0.007* |
技术水平 | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) |
trc | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 |
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
hrc | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
酒店接待能力 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) |
tarc | -0.613 | -0.399 | -0.826 | -0.827 | -0.685 | -0.490 | -0.860* | -0.844* |
旅行社数量 | (0.515) | (0.485) | (0.549) | (0.556) | (0.446) | (0.407) | (0.473) | (0.480) |
Constant | -1.602*** | -1.661*** | -1.529*** | -1.512*** | -1.687*** | -1.758*** | -1.620*** | -1.621*** |
(0.210) | (0.196) | (0.226) | (0.244) | (0.193) | (0.178) | (0.203) | (0.220) | |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.707 | 0.714 | 0.696 | 0.695 | 0.729 | 0.736 | 0.719 | 0.719 |
个体效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
表7 地方政府教育投入对旅游产业结构优化升级的作用机制稳健性检验
Tab.7 The robustness test of the impact mechanism of lgei on the outis
变量 | 因变量数据标准化 | 缩尾1% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | lntiss | |
l.lgei | 0.130* | 0.191*** | 0.068 | 0.305** | 0.165** | 0.206*** | 0.114* | 0.314** |
地方政府教育投入 | (0.070) | (0.060) | (0.067) | (0.146) | (0.061) | (0.060) | (0.060) | (0.127) |
ntl | 0.012** | 0.009* (0.005) | 0.013* | 0.011* | 0.010* | 0.011* | ||
旅游业人力资本数量 | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.008) | |||
rte | 0.183 | 0.176 | ||||||
旅游业人力资本质量 | (0.210) | (0.189) | ||||||
nts | 0.077*** | 0.072*** | ||||||
旅游院校人力资本 数量 | (0.024) | (0.021) | ||||||
c.gei#c.nts | -0.060** | -0.047** | ||||||
交互项1 | (0.023) | (0.020) | ||||||
c.ntl#c.nts | -0.003** | -0.004*** | ||||||
交互项2 | (0.001) | (0.001) | ||||||
nhcts | 0.124*** | 0.117*** | ||||||
高等旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.035) | (0.032) | ||||||
c.gei#c.nhcts | -0.132*** | -0.111*** | ||||||
交互项3 | (0.033) | (0.031) | ||||||
c.ntl#c.nhcts | -0.005* | -0.006** | ||||||
交互项4 | (0.003) | (0.003) | ||||||
nsvcts | 0.056 | 0.057 | ||||||
中职旅游院校人力资本数量 | (0.045) | (0.041) | ||||||
c.gei#c.nsvcts | -0.021 | -0.016 | ||||||
交互项5 | (0.039) | (0.036) | ||||||
c.ntl#c.nsvcts | -0.003 | -0.003 | ||||||
交互项6 | (0.003) | (0.003) | ||||||
rhcts | -0.273* | -0.249* | ||||||
旅游院校人力资本 质量 | (0.147) | (0.126) | ||||||
c.gei#c.rhcts | 0.019 | 0.013 | ||||||
交互项7 | (0.069) | (0.064) | ||||||
c.rte#c.rhcts | 0.017 | 0.026 | ||||||
交互项8 | (0.117) | (0.103) | ||||||
ti | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.016*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.014*** |
交通基础设施 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) |
tfc | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** | 0.002*** |
旅游固定资本 | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
tl | 0.006* | 0.006** | 0.006 | 0.007* | 0.005 | 0.006** | 0.005 | 0.007* |
技术水平 | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) |
trc | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 |
旅游资源禀赋 | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) |
hrc | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
酒店接待能力 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) |
tarc | -0.613 | -0.399 | -0.826 | -0.827 | -0.685 | -0.490 | -0.860* | -0.844* |
旅行社数量 | (0.515) | (0.485) | (0.549) | (0.556) | (0.446) | (0.407) | (0.473) | (0.480) |
Constant | -1.602*** | -1.661*** | -1.529*** | -1.512*** | -1.687*** | -1.758*** | -1.620*** | -1.621*** |
(0.210) | (0.196) | (0.226) | (0.244) | (0.193) | (0.178) | (0.203) | (0.220) | |
Observations | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
R-squared | 0.707 | 0.714 | 0.696 | 0.695 | 0.729 | 0.736 | 0.719 | 0.719 |
个体效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
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