Emotion is crucial in tourist experience, which has an important influence on tourist satisfaction, word-of-mouth and revisit intention. By reviewing the concepts and dimensions of affect in psychology, this paper aims to understand the present situation and research progress of emotion in tourist experience, and to compare the research progress of emotions in tourist experience both at home and abroad. Through the process of literature review, it is found that the current emotional research in tourist experience mainly focuses on the following six aspects, respectively, (1) The discussion of emotion in tourist experience from the perspective of logical thinking. Emotional researchers generally agree that affect is a more comprehensive concept, which includes moods and emotions; (2) Exploring the relationship among variables, such as emotion and tourist satisfaction, loyalty and other outcome variables; (3) The study of some specific emotions, such as nostalgia, regret, happiness and so on; and (4) The factors influencing emotional evaluation; (5) The measurement of emotions. From using emotional scales developed by emotional theorists to develop tourist emotion scales. Nowadays, some psycho-physiological methods are used to measure the real-time emotional responses; (6) Other related research: using big data to analyze the emotional experience of tourists. Although studies have been made to explore the relationship between emotion and outcome variables in different research contexts, however, the antecedents of emotions and the identification of emotional triggers in specific situations are limited, which should be the focus of future tourist emotion research. Only in this way we may deepen our understanding of the emotional experience, so as to design tourism products more effectively and enhance the tourist experience.

Smart tourism has been not only highly valued by scholars but also practiced in some areas with impressive results. At the same time, there are many shortcomings in the practical application of smart tourism. For example, too much emphasis is placed on high and new technology, while insufficient attention is paid to sustainable development. This article systematically reviews the relevant articles on smart tourism. First, it expounds on the origins of smart tourism and the research trends. Second, in accordance with the content of the research literature, it discusses the current research progress in terms of conceptual connotation, theoretical basis and research methods, construction framework, technical support, and application and evaluation systems. It also identifies the deficiencies in each part of the research. Finally, the theoretical structure of smart tourism research is summarized, the positioning of smart tourism is re-examined, and prospects are put forward. Smart tourism is positioned as “using advanced technology, intensive and efficient management, which not only helps to realize value creation for various stakeholders, but also promotes the sustainable development of tourism destinations.” Based on this definition, the author proposes that future smart tourism research should focus on three aspects: re-examining the relationship between technology and smart tourism, carrying out empirical research on smart tourism from a macro perspective, and exploring ways for the sustainable development of smart tourism.

This paper aims to introduce the theory of sensory marketing by highlighting its significance and necessity to destination marketing, analyzing its basic principles and psychological rationale, and constructing a basic research framework for its application to the destination context. Two fundamental problems must be solved when applying the sensory method to destination marketing. One concerns how to effectively express and transmit the sensory information of destination resources and position; the other deals with the behavioral mechanism and outcomes of tourists in sensory marketing. Keeping these two problems in mind, this study further systematically summarizes and reviews the domestic and international literature on destination marketing from 2000 to 2016, in the perspective of each five-sense dimension, namely vision, audition, taste, smell and touch. A total of 191 English articles and 90 Chinese papers are obtained. Historically, the number of English literature shows an increasing trend, while the number of Chinese literature has not.The extant destination marketing research lacks a systematic thinking of the sensory perspective, whose use has not received due attention for a long time. Unfortunately, the indispensability of sense in the theory system of destination marketing has not yet been realized by scholars in this field. This will ultimately lead to the vacancy of “sense” in destination marketing. Overall, the overload of visual sense and vacancy of other sense dimensions in the extant destination marketing create new opportunities for sensory marketing. The allopatric nature of destination marketing makes the adoption of senses face a big obstacle, but special techniques can make up for this flaw. Multi-sensory interaction research is particularly scarce. The play of a synergistic effect among the senses is especially worthy of examination.

The complexity and great change of overall conditions for consumption and individual consumers provide new perspectives and methods for researching tourist buying decision behavior. Both domestic and overseas research on tourist buying decision behavior has given rise to the theories of consumer information processing and of decision-making. This paper first reviews the evolution of overseas comparative consumer decision-making theory; proposes three research prospects represented by digital platforms, cultural differences, and sustainable consumption; and describes the progress of online field experiments as a research method. In domestic tourism research, the focus is primarily on the transformation of marketing modes and consumer orientation. However, inadequate attention has been paid to the IHIP attributes of tourism and the development of domestic tourism consumption. The theory of consumer decision-making does not play an active role in tourism research. It is obviously difficult to apply systematic theories and framework to making world-class academic innovation. Therefore, the paper proposes to improve the framework of information processing and decision-making theory, given new phenomena in tourism. It aims at using the development of Chinese tourism to make better theoretical and practical contributions to tourism research.

The application of actor-network theory (ANT) in tourism research has been broadened. It reveals, through a unique methodological paradigm, the operational mode of an inter-relational network of key elements such as the environment, tourists, and tourism products. Taking 70 relevant papers on ANT published between 2000 and 2021 from the SSCI and CSSCI databases as samples, this paper conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to summarize ANT in the field of tourism research based on five aspects: the number of published papers and publication distribution, types of papers, data acquisition methods, application of ANT in different tourism research topics, and differences between Chinese and English papers. The results show that the number of published papers follows a phased upward trend; the type of papers is mainly qualitative; and the main data acquisition methods comprise case studies, field investigations, and second-hand data. The research mainly focuses on theory and research development, heritage and environmental issues, tourism product development and planning, and rural tourism, as well as the differences in research foci and the application of ANT between Chinese and English literature. Based on a complete understanding of the application status of ANT in tourism research, this paper puts forward suggestions for future development, which can act as a reference and inspiration for follow-up research.

Urban-rural differences have long been an important research topic but most of the existing literature has focused on the economic aspects, failing to explore the differences in the quality of life between urban and rural residents. Based on annual data from the China General Social Survey and using a latent class modeling approach to build a mixed regression model, this paper explores the differences in and influencing factors of the leisure lifestyles of Chinese urban and rural residents. The findings show that (1) the leisure lifestyles of urban and rural residents are remarkably different, with urban residents participating in leisure activities much more frequently than rural residents as a whole; (2) the differences in the types of leisure participation between urban and rural residents are obvious, with urban residents participating more frequently in leisure activities that help promote personal growth and rural residents being less likely to be involved in high-quality leisure activities; (3) public factors such as public education, health care, and social security and individual factors such as age, health, and education level are the main factors leading to the differences in leisure lifestyles between urban and rural residents. The findings of this study are conducive to narrowing down urban-rural differences, balancing the sense of happiness and gain of urban and rural residents, and providing empirical evidence for research on urban-rural differences in the leisure lifestyles of Chinese residents.

There has been a rapid growth of empirical research on job satisfaction in the hotel industry since 2000. However, there is little specialized research on how to measure it and few scholars review and rethink measurement methods in existing empirical studies. Considering that job satisfaction measurement in hotel industry has an important value on exploring its antecedent and outcome variables theoretically, and searching for initiatives to improve employee job satisfaction empirically, the study reviewed the concept and measurement of general job satisfaction at first. Currently, job satisfaction is defined from attitude and emotion aspects, and there are two main measuring methods including Single Global Rating and Summated Scale. Then the authors made a relatively detailed analysis and introspection of 30 foreign and 24 domestic quantitative studies about job satisfaction measurement in hotel industry published in 2000~2012 regarding measuring methods, measuring instruments, the question designs of instruments etc. Most domestic scholars tended to adopt the method of Summated Scale and develop the scale independently. Frequency of the two methods used by foreign scholars was almost the same, which means that it is still very controversial when choosing measurement method. Either way is not perfect. Although Summated Scale is facing more and more controversy and issues need to be addressed urgently, more and more scholars begin to use the two methods together in order to measure job satisfaction more accurately and then understand the key dimensions of it. However, this is just a temporary expedient and scholars still need to explore more accurate measurement methods. Finally, the authors made a brief analysis of the limitation of these papers and looked into the four possible development orientations in future: specialized measuring instrument of hotel industry development, psychological dimension construction, reliability and validity measurement, and cross-cultural measuring applicability. The study might provide references and enlightenment for relevant studies in the area of job satisfaction measurement in hotel industry.

：In an era when artificial intelligence and automation technology become an inevitable trend, an increasing number of hospitality companies have adopted robotic technologies for their service delivery. However, the application of robots remains in the exploratory stage. Based on a review of relevant literature and theories, this paper explored the customers' perceptions and experiences of services with robots using a textual analysis of Internet and social media reviews about robot services in the hospitality industry, as well as in-depth interviews with hospitality service staff and customers. The research findings suggest that, first, customers perceive hospitality services with robots from two perspectives: tool attribute and social attribute. The social attribute influences customer experiences in their pursuit of pleasure. Second, the service robot could enhance customer experiences by improving the service attributes and creating a supportive atmosphere. This paper proposed a conceptual model to improve the customer experience with service robots. From the socialization perspective, the proposition of a service robot experience framework has decision-making implications on service robot design and management, service settings management, and experience creation.

In the context of integrated development of culture and tourism, the establishment and development of the theory of aesthetic experience provide a fresh theoretical perspective for researchers to re-explore the tourism experience. This article first defines the theoretical content, features, and levels of aesthetic experience. Then, it reviews the theoretical origin of aesthetic experience, mentioning that the interdisciplinary theoretical basis of aesthetic experience includes the theory of subject-object integration, the Gestalt principle, and the place theory. Next, this study presents an overview of tourism research that involves the theory of aesthetic experience. It finds that the tourism research results regarding aesthetic experience mainly focus on three aspects: tourists’ aesthetic perception, tourists’ aesthetic emotion, and the aesthetic value of the tourist experience. Finally, in accordance with hierarchical levels of aesthetic experience, this study establishes a tourism research framework incorporating three levels of aesthetic experience—aesthetic sense, aesthetic emotion, and aesthetic spirit—and proposes the direction and prospect for researching tourism experience from the perspective of the aesthetic ecosystem.

Social media(SM) plays an important role in tourism. It shapes how travellers make decision and change their pre-travel, during travel and post-travel behaviours. SM has also influenced tourism industry practice in the areas of marketing, sales and product development. How Chinese nationals engage with SM in tourism activities is under researched. There have been statistics reporting the usage of the Internet and ICT applications by Chinese nationals. However these statistics are simply descriptive parameters, and cannot provide in-depth insight into SM adoption for tourism in China. Therefore, this study explores the use of SM in tourism-related activities in China with the aim to understand the role of SM in China’s tourism sphere.The research focused on the use of three most popular SM websites, which were RenRen, Sina Weibo and Douban, in tourism-related activities in China.The exploratory research has identified that Chinese use SM to share information about, and personal evaluation of, destinations, tourism products, itineraries of travel, visa and currency exchange. The selected SM sites provide Chinese users a space for open communication and freely exchange of ideas, emotions and cognitive insights into travel, life and being. The technology also offers them a new way of socialising with each other. Renren and Donban in particular give Chinese bloggers a space to freely externalise their deep reflection on travel, life and being in the public domain. Through this process of knowledge transformation, a discursive discourse of tourism representation and understanding is created and re-created. Therefore, SM is more than just an information communication channel. It is a creator that enables the expansion of tourism boundary and a shaper that constantly shapes tourism as a human social conduct within that boundary. The paper argues that SM should not only be regarded as information communication channels, but also a creator and a shaper to forge what tourism is in the contemporary societies.

With the development of the concept of the experience economy at the end of the 20th century, experience has been an important economic offering after goods and services. The tourist experience has always been an important issue in tourism research and is regarded as the essence of tourism. This article takes Disneyland, a typical hedonic tourism product, as an example and uses grounded theory, such as open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to discuss the emotional triggers in the tourist experience, various dimensions of tourist experience quality, and the functional process of the tourist experience. This paper found that: (1) the emotional triggers in the tourist experience mainly are environment, service encounter, interpersonal interaction, and activity participation; (2) the quality of the tourist experience is composed of three dimensions (attraction, fun and, enjoyment); and (3) the functional process of the tourist experience starts from different emotional triggers, which act on tourists through the sensory organs and consciousness. Because tourists differ in personality and number of visits, their emotional responses are of different valence and intensity, which leads to various individual experiences and different evaluations of the quality of the tourist experience. This paper pays particular attention to the antecedent variables of tourist experience quality and the functional process of the tourist experience. It is intended to provide better knowledge and more in-depth understanding of the tourist experience, which is conducive for tourism destination managers to design more attractive tourism products and bring about better tourist experiences.

The positive Tourism Destination Identity is just like the spear and shield of destination, so it not only represents the competitiveness of the tourism brand but also acts as the firewall and brake of the crisis. However, in recent years, the network public opinion crises have occurred frequently in tourism destination, which had a bad impact on the destination image and brought great challenges to related government departments when guiding public opinions. If the crisis is not properly disposed, the image of destination will be damaged and the destination will lose the confidence and sense of honor of the tourism brand as well. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to adopt appropriate and effective strategies to repair damaged image in the crisis of network public opinion for the healthy and sustainable development of tourism destinations. Given this reality, the author analyses the most influential tourism network public opinion crisis in 2017 - “Malicious beating and disfiguration event in Lijiang” based on the SCCT, focusing on digging, combing and analyzing the crisis situation, response strategies, media reports and public response by using case study method. Furthermore, in order to identify the core of public discussion and the object of responsibility attribution, this paper conducts an in-depth study of netizens’ comments by using word frequency analysis and co-existing analysis. It is found that the crisis situation was complex, including accidental and preventable cluster. However, Lijiang government mainly provided instructing information and deny strategy while responding, which had a great deviation from the response strategies advocated by SCCT, so that the effect of crisis management was not good. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the image restoration of the tourist destination, then optimizes SCCT in the practice of travel destination crisis so that it can provide more guidance to the destination in the future.

Improving the quality of tourism public services is essential not only to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of tourism and improve quality and efficiency but also to enhance tourists’ well-being. This study, from the perspective of tourism experience, constructs a multiple intermediary model of the influence of tourism public service quality on tourists’ well-being. Structural equation and Bootstrap methods are used to test the model. The results reveal that, experience value positively mediates the impact of information communication service quality and administrative supervision service quality on eudaimonia enjoyment and the impact of information communication service quality, security service quality and administrative supervision service quality on hedonic enjoyment; experience satisfaction positively mediates the impact of information communication service quality and administrative supervision service quality on both eudaimonia enjoyment and hedonic enjoyment; the alternative attractiveness negatively moderates the impact of public facilities service quality, convenience and benefit service quality, and administrative supervision service quality on experience value and the impact of public facilities service quality and convenience and benefit service quality on experience satisfaction. This study integrates the dual structure of subjective well-being and psychological well-being and expands the research on tourists’ well-being. Additionally, it defines the psychological mechanism and boundary conditions of the influence of tourism public service quality on tourists’ well-being, providing important enlightenment for improving tourism public service quality and enhancing tourists’ long-term well-being.

With the rapid development of technology, contactless services have gradually become an important emerging phenomenon in the field of tourism and hospitality consumption. This study aims to systematically and comprehensively examine the research progress of contactless services. Based on a comprehensive review of existing literature in English and Chinese, this paper: (1) presented the types of contact-free services and a summary of published papers; and (2) identified four types of research focus and provided a detailed report for the progress for each research theme: ①antecedents, experience and outcomes of consumers’ use of contactless services, ②antecedents and outcomes of organizations’ use of contactless services, ③service failure and recovery, and ④ literature review. Finally, the paper put forward fruitful directions for advancing the current understanding of contactless service.

Common prosperity is an essential requirement of the Chinese path to modernization, and rural areas are key to achieving the goal of common prosperity. In recent years, rural tourism has played an important role in promoting farmers’ income growth and solving the “Three Rural Issues.” This study focuses on the scientific connotation, theoretical logic, impact mechanism, development strategy, and realization path of high-quality development of rural tourism from the perspective of common prosperity. The core points are as follows. (1) The scientific connotation of high-quality development of rural tourism from the perspective of common prosperity should be understood and grasped from the aspects of industrial upgrading and economic development, cultural revitalization and cultural continuity, ecological protection, and the transition to green development. (2) The development of rural tourism should focus on demand and supply, scientific planning of rural tourism, and benefits for more people. (3) Rural tourism micro-enterprises are important in the development of rural tourism. They must stimulate the vitality of common prosperity by activating kinship networks, improving cultivation accuracy, and building industrial clusters. (4) The development of rural tourism needs to focus on cultural connotations, make full use of the excellent traditional Chinese culture represented by intangible cultural heritage, and promote rural tourism to enter a new stage of high-quality supply. (5) Common prosperity and high-quality development of rural tourism are interdependent and mutually supportive. We should further clarify industrial orientation, improve supply levels, make good use of cultural achievements, and explore reform and innovation systems.

Revenue management is considered as an important tool to enhance hotels’ revenue and profits, which is originating from US airline industry in 1980s. The industries that have adopted it include hotels,rail, car rental, dining, golf, cruise, internet, hospitals and health care centers etc. In the hotel industry, Marriott Corporation is the first practitioner to implement RM system. With respect to the rapid development of RM in the international hotel industry, relatively little is known about the practice and research in China. Research of Wang Xiaowen et al shows that there are only 55% of China’s star hotels adopt revenue management theory or system. At present, RM has become an important strategy for pricing and distribution, an important method to maximize the use of resources and productivity, reduce vacant waste, as well as maximize revenue and profits for hotels. In addition, the growing, even intense competition in China's hotel industry has been an indisputable fact nowadays. In this context, the development of RM in China’s hotel industry needs focus and guidance of theoretical research. However, the current domestic research on hotel revenue management is seriously lagging behind practice, especially on revenue management performance influence mechanism. To improve China's hotel industry revenue management performance and enhance their competitiveness, the theory guidance is not enough. Based on fully retrieving the relevant research literature at home and abroad in the last three decades, the authors hves made a comprehensive overview of the origin and development on hotel RM, focusing on the RM performance influencing mechanism. The article is mainly following the logical framework of “hotel quality attributes--revenue management decision-making behavior--revenue management performance measurement”, combing and discussing the research status of hotel revenue management performance influencing factors in depth, and combing the hotel revenue management performance metrics. Finally, through comparing the hotel revenue management research status at home and abroad, this paper proposes the future research trends of hotel revenue management.

On the basis of systematically combing the related documents on the tourism development of historical blocks in China, this paper makes a systematic analysis of the related documents. This paper expounds the research origin and concept connotation of the historical district and summarizes the relevant contents of the material space transformation in the historical district. That is, the protection of tourism resources and the tourism development in historical blocks. From four aspects: the impact of tourist activities on residents, tourists' perception to the development of historical blocks, the coordination of the main body relationship in the tourism development of urban historical blocks and value reconstruction in the tourism development of historical blocks. We will further explore the impact of the development of historical blocks on social culture. This paper analyzes the shortcomings of the existing research, and puts forward some problems and prospects on the tourism development of historical blocks, including protecting the authenticity and function of historical blocks, perfecting the tourism development system of historical blocks, attaching importance to the socialization research of historical blocks, strengthening the management of software refinement in historical blocks, and promoting the features and brand competitiveness of historical blocks.

The thematic literature review of the research topic is beneficial to theorize and systematize the evolution and development of the research content, and further, critically evaluate the overall development direction and future evolution. Based on the journal literatures of CNKI from 1987 to 2018 in approximately 30 years, this study statistically analyzes the basic pattern of tourist behavior in China (research stages, core institutions, core authors, core journals and research topics). The research on tourist behavior in China has going through four stages of gradual development: beginning, development, maturity and prosperity. In addition, the core institutions and authors have centralized and overlapped on geographical distribution, and the core authors are all full-time teachers or researchers, with higher professional titles. Finally, the top ten core journals mainly focus on the journals of tourism and geography. Based on these information, this paper summarizes and reviews the research results of tourist behavior in China from four aspects: perspective selection, theory promotion, method using and practical application. It is found that the study of tourist behavior in China is moving towards multi-perspective, multi-theory and multi-method, thus provides important implications for tourism practice. This paper proposes that the future study of Chinese tourist behavior should be further explored from four directions of object expansion, data acquisition, method update and theoretical construction. The study on localization of tourist behavior should not only focus on the universality of knowledge contribution, but also on the improvement based on China's own social and cultural characteristics, so as to realize the equal dialogue with international tourist behavior research and solve the practical problems of Chinese tourism development.

Since the concept of “all-for-one tourism” was proposed, it has rapidly become a hot word in public sphere, and has been widely discussed in the circles of education, business and politics. In recent years, the research results have increased rapidly in quantity, while the application-oriented research were in the majority, and theoretical exploration was very rare. There is lacking of deeply thought and connotation definition about the concept of “all-for-one tourism” in the academia, which leads to generalization and blur boundary of the concept in the research process, invoking confusion in industrial practice.

Exploring the origin and evolution of the concept of “all-for-one tourism”, and reviewing correlational discussions and studies in the circles of education, business and politics through rational reflection, the author proposes that people should understand the concept and its connotation from multiple perspectives and subjects in this article. As an academic concept, development ideal and action strategy, it is still in a state of flux and negotiation in different dimensions and at multiple levels, so the meaning of “all-for-one tourism” should be reflected and improved academically. Based on various analyses, this research presents a fire-new view to understand the concept of “all-for-one tourism”. As a completely new idea of development, the value goal of “all-for-one tourism” should be returned to value rationality from instrumental rationality, and we should make development of tourism become both a powerful tool for improving life quality and happiness of tourists and local residents, and an important way to realize beautiful life for people.

It is needed to adjust local conditions in implementing “all-for-one tourism”. Cities and counties whose resource condition and industrial basis are excellent, are priority development areas of “all-for-one tourism”. It will be confronted with numerous difficulties and obstacles in implementation process, and therefore the crucial problems should be solved including tourist destination construction, institutional improvement, industry upgrading and human development.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has normalized service robots cooperating with front-line employees in restaurants to deliver customer services. The effect of service robots has attracted the attention of several researchers. However, existing research has focused on the relationship between customers and robots, whereas research on employees and robots is limited. This study constructs a conceptual model of the four performance features of service robots and employees’ work well-being from the dual perspectives of innovation resistance theory and conservation of resources theory. Using bootstrapping to test the chain mediation effect of robot anxiety and work engagement, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) the animacy and perceived safety of the service robot have significant indirect effects on employees’ work well-being, and employees’ robot anxiety and work engagement have a significant chain mediated effect on the relationships of “animacy-work well-being” and “perceived safety-work well-being”; (2) the animacy and perceived safety of service robots negatively affect employees’ robot anxiety; (3) employees’ robot anxiety weakens their work engagement and reduces their work well-being; and (4) work engagement can improve employees’ work well-being. This study enriches research on the influence of robots on employees in service enterprises.

In recent years, the vicious events happened frequently because of tourism service enterprises lack of social responsibility. From the inside of the organization, the reasons can be attributed that leaders fail to undertake the social responsibility of the stakeholders, especially the employees. Based on the example of the travel agency, this paper discusses the relationship between the leadership social responsibility orientation and the performance of the frontline staff service, and further reveals the mechanism of the relationship between the social responsibility orientation and the frontier employee service performance through the intermediary role of the corporate culture. The results show that the leadership social responsibility orientation has a significant impact on the corporate culture and frontline staff service performance; the leading social responsibility orientation can influence the performance of frontline employee service through the intervening variable of corporate culture. The research enriches the theory of leading social responsibility which has a lot practical significance for the tourism service enterprises to build high quality corporate culture and enhance the performance of frontline staff service.

Consolidated and itemized pricing are two pricing strategies widely used on the online travel market. Based on the bundling phenomenon in online tourism market, and taking flight and hotel package provided by the online travel agency with the static bundling method as the research object, this paper investigates the effects of price framework on tourists’ purchase intention by considering brand knowledge as moderator and taking perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value as mediators.

The results support the hypothesis that price framework has significant influence on tourists' purchase intention and perceived transaction value. In addition, bundles are evaluated more positively when presented with itemized price. There is no significant impact of price framework on perceived acquisition value, and the result shows that perceived transaction value exists the partial mediating effect. Regression analyses reveal that brand knowledge has a significant moderating effect. The findings suggest that there is no significant difference in purchase intention under different price frameworks if tourists’ brand knowledge to OTA is low. On the contrary, if tourists’ brand knowledge to OTA is high, tourists have higher purchase intention as price presentation is itemized price.

Based on the hypothesis of industry heterogeneity and regional heterogeneity, this paper constructs three-hierarchy meta-frontier SBM-DEA model. On the basis, this paper measures and decomposes the inefficiency and Luenberger productivity of travel agencies, star hotels and tourist attractions of 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2000 to 2014. Considering the heterogeneity, this paper divides the indexes into three parts: industry heterogeneity, regional heterogeneity and management difference. The mechanism on the tourism enterprises and their spatial distribution patterns have been discussed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) regional heterogeneity and management differences are the main reasons for the inefficiency of travel agencies, while industry heterogeneity is the main reason for inefficiency of hotels and scenic spots. Notably, insufficient output the key factor leading to inefficiency of tourism enterprises; (2) there are regional differences in the inefficiency growth source of tourism enterprises. For travel agencies, the management difference is the inefficiency growth source in eastern China, while the regional heterogeneity and management difference are the inefficiency growth sources in the central and western China. For star hotels and scenic spots, industry heterogeneity is the inefficiency growth source in all three regions. Meanwhile, the regional heterogeneity and management difference are the inefficiency growth sources of scenic spots; (3) management differences and regional heterogeneity contribute most to the productivity changes of travel agency, while industry heterogeneity contributes most to the productivity changes of hotels and scenic spots. In view of the conclusions above, this paper gives some relevant policy recommendations, and points out the potential weaknesses of this paper and the future research directions.

Fluctuations in the tourism industry have caused many families to face practical difficulties in livelihood sustainability; thus, tourism-based livelihood resilience has become an important research topic. Analyzing the theoretical relationship between the research progress of tourism-based livelihood resilience and the Sustainable Livelihood Approach, this study innovatively integrates sustainable livelihoods and livelihood resilience, considers cultural resilience as a critical element, and constructs a theoretical analysis framework of tourism-based livelihood resilience with multidimensional perspectives and dynamic characteristics. Additionally, cases in Dali of Yunnan, were employed to analyze the acculturation, influencing factors, and cooperative governance of tourism-based livelihood resilience. This study expands the theoretical perspective on sustainable livelihoods and improves the theoretical system of tourism-based livelihood resilience. In the future, livelihood resilience measurement methods, comparison of multilevel case studies, evolutionary mechanism analysis, and collaborative governance should be strengthened in research on tourism-based livelihood resilience.

The integration of culture and tourism industries is an inevitable requirement for the high-quality development of China’s tourism industry, and it is also inherently essential to compensate for the weaknesses of tourism development and promote its transformation and upgrading. This study uses the coupling coordination model to assess the development level of cultural and tourism integration in 30 provinces (cities) in China from 2010 to 2019, and then introduces the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method to explore the development path of cultural and tourism integration in China based on the driving conditions of demand, supply, and support. The results reveal the following: (1) The overall development level of China’s cultural tourism industry has improved in the 2010-2019 period, but great regional heterogeneity exists in different regions. (2) From the perspective of the overall development path of culture and tourism in China, demand and support are important conditions, whereas residents’ consumption power and regional transportation play a particularly prominent role. (3) Significant differences exist in the development paths of the eastern, central, and western regions. The development of the eastern region is predominantly driven by demand combined with support, whereas the development of the central region is boosted by support and demand separately; meanwhile, the development of the western region is driven by both demand and demand-support. The results indicate that local governments should pay attention to synergizing the multiple conditions of supply, demand, and support; effectively adjust the strategy for cultural tourism development considering local conditions; and improve the targeted core driving capacity to break the bottlenecks of the development.

Domestic large-scale activities have developed rapidly. Therefore, festival activities have become one of the fastest growing types of tourism. Visitors are the main participants in the festival. Therefore, understanding the festival attendees’ motivation is extremely important in the festival research, which affects many aspects such as the supply of products and services, the decision-making and the satisfaction of the attendees in the competitive festival market. This paper reviews the domestic and foreign scholars’ discussion on the motivations of tourists’ participation in the festival. Scholars mainly studied the festival motivational framework and the relationship between motivations and other variables. Analyzing the existing researches and the shortcomings of its existence contributes to the future research. This paper mainly discusses the motivations of tourists’ participation from four aspects: the basic theory and the research methods of participate motion, the dimension of festival motivation, the relationship between the motivation of the festival and its influencing factors.

Qualitative research methods, represented by grounded theory and case study, are becoming increasingly common in tourism management and business administration research. However, there are still numerous controversies over and uncertainty regarding the essential characteristics, evaluation criteria, and key steps in the process of applying them. This study analyzes how to effectively utilize the grounded theory and case study method and arrives at the following conclusions: (1) The primary characteristics of high-quality qualitative and case study methods are as follows: The research design has high credibility and reliability; the selection of samples and cases should match the research question and research paradigm; the data analysis process should be rigorous and standardized; the theoretical construction should be based on the balance point of “optimal distinction;” and attention should be paid to the uniqueness of the research method when writing essays. (2) Deep reflection is needed among academics on the connotation of grounded theory, while avoiding four typical misunderstandings, and relevant strategies and suggestions for core issues, such as theoretical sampling, coding skills, and reliability and validity testing, should be propounded. (3) Increasing attention has been paid to the standardization of the data analysis of grounded theory, especially to the description and display of the coding process in the essays. However, noteworthily, coding is not performed for the sake of coding itself, and only “continuous comparison” and reasonable interpretation form the core of data analysis. (4) The case study’s data analysis and theoretical construction constitute the logical chain of “data-concept-concept relationships theory,” which includes the following two stages: The first stage proceeds from data to concept—that is, the case data are compressed and abstracted to be associated with the relevant concept. The second stage entails the conceptual relationships and their theoretical explanation—that is, logically linking these concepts, describing the pattern of case phenomena, and explaining their underlying mechanisms. (5) Case studies are conducive to revealing theoretical mechanisms and constructing new theories, and the quality of case studies can be effectively enhanced by selecting matching data processing methods. Per the different types of theories, case studies can be divided into both process and factor theories, which are suitable for different research designs and data processing methods.

Time-limited promotion—as a conditional promotion model—has become an important means to improve the marketing effect of tourism live streaming. However, few studies have focused on the time-limited promotion of tourism live streaming. To compensate for the lack of relevant research and explore the influence mechanism of time-limited promotion on consumers’ real-time purchase decisions in tourism live streaming, this study analyzes the subject matter through two scenario experiments based on goal-oriented behavior theory and from the perspective of counterfactual thinking. The results indicate the following; First, the time-limited promotion of live streaming can directly stimulate consumers’ intention to purchase, and the time-limited discount is a more effective marketing means than the time-limited giveaway. Second, when consumers engage in strong upward counterfactual thinking, the time-limited promotion of tourism live streaming can induce their anticipated regrets, thereby reducing their intention of immediate purchase. Third, when consumers engage in strong downward counterfactual thinking, the time-limited promotion of tourism live streaming can induce their regret of anticipated inaction, thus enhancing their intention of immediate purchase. This study’s findings reveal the duality of the time-limited promotion of tourism live streaming, enrich the relevant research on marketing through tourism live streaming, and enlighten tourism enterprises to adopt online promotion measures rationally.

Although the term “smart tourism” originated from western countries, it has “taken root and flourished” in China. Current understanding in domestic industry and academia not only reflects the reality of the development of smart tourism in China, but also encourages new research into its conceptualization and strategy. Based on the understanding and analysis of the original mainstream technology application theory, this paper proposes new ideas on the concept and connotations of smart tourism from the perspective of rational choice theory. It concludes that the core characteristic of smart tourism is that it encourages the tourism subject to make the most rational choice.

Social orientation is a description of adjustment mechanism of Chinese people in their daily life. It represents the approaches that Chinese people interact with the environment in their life circle with emphasis on the harmony relationship that individuals established and maintained with the environment, especially the social environment, evolving from obedience, cooperation to integration. One of its features is the importance of “guanxi” （relation in English expression） in Chinese culture and the daily life of Chinese people. In traditional Chinese society, “guanxi” is the way people define themselves. More importantly, in the process of social interaction, relationship between one and the other determines the way they treat each other. Relational determinism argues that the rules, manners and co-dependence pattern of both sides treating each other are not the same in different types of relationship, and even the emotional consequences generated by interaction show significant difference. Based on the theories mentioned above and literature review of VFR tourism, the paper proposed that the understanding of VFR tourism should be based on the view of social relation. From this perspective, some basic theories about VFR tourism were redefined, including the concept of VFR tourist, the host, and VFR tourism type. Based on these theories, this article constructed the interaction mechanism of VFR tourists and their hosts from the perspective of social relation. Under this mechanism, there are three types of social interaction processes under three different relationship situations:（1）under the emotional relationship, the host treats the tourists warmly and actively, which follows the principal of requirement;（2）under the instrumental relationship, the host treats the tourists appropriately, which follows the principal of “renqing”;（3）under the mixed relationships, the host treats the tourists passively, which follows the principal of fairness. The future VFR tourism study should follow this research idea: leading in from holistic perspective, analyzing with process theory, and summarizing with teleology, which may contribute to the further development of VFR tourism.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is closely bound up with the supply of quality tourism products, the quality of tourism experiences, and the sustainable development of tourism. The various crisis risks and pressures that CSR failure causes are transmitted through the supply chain. However, tourism CSR research lacks literature on thinking about the decision-making game process between enterprises, from the perspective of the tourism supply chain system. The lack of systematic optimization decision theory leads to the backward practice of tourism CSR. Breaking the boundary of thinking about CSR from a purely static enterprise perspective to place CSR within the framework of a tourism supply chain dynamic operation establishes a new and robust theoretical analysis path for tourism CSR research that promotes matching tourism CSR research and practice. Utilizing different power structures, this paper studies four models of tourism supply chain game decision-making: the Stackelberg game of scenic-spot leadership, the Stackelberg game of travel agency leadership, the Nash equilibrium game of scenic spot and travel agency, and the centralized decision-making model of complete cooperation in a two-level tourism supply chain, comprising a travel agency and a scenic spot considering CSR. Further, through the equilibrium decision comparative static analysis and the example simulation analysis, this paper found that tourism products’ wholesale price, sale price, and demand, the CSR commitment level of the scenic spot, the scenic-spot profit in a Nash equilibrium game, and the profits of the travel agency and the supply chain will increase. With increased CSR effect, the profit of the scenic spot under the Nash equilibrium game presents a dynamic change from increase to decrease as the CSR effect. The CSR commitment level of the scenic spot is highest under the centralized decision-making model, and minimal in the scenic-spot leadership model. When the CSR effect factor exceeds a critical value, the travel agency will respond to scenic spot’s fairness concerns. Hence, the wholesale price of products under the leadership of the travel agency will be higher than under the leadership of the scenic spot. Centralized decision-making is better than decentralized decision-making, and under decentralized decision-making, the optimal profit of the tourism supply chain under scenic-spot leadership is the lowest. That is, the optimal profit of the tourism supply chain under travel-agency leadership and the balance of power on both sides is better than under scenic spots. Therefore, when forming a centralized decision with full cooperation is impossible, having the travel agency in a leading position is most beneficial. Strong CSR effect is also most beneficial for the tourism supply chain system. However, from the perspective of its own profits, the scenic spot’s leading position is not necessarily the most advantageous, and the size of the CSR effect should determine that. Through modeling optimization research, tourism CSR and channel power are both introduced into the decision-making model of the tourism supply chain for the first time. This develops the research perspective and method of tourism CSR and, at the same time, provides some decision support for CSR practice on the tourism supply side, under different power structures.

What is tourism is the fundamental question of tourism research and the basis for various stakeholders to dialogue together, yet it has not been soundly responded. In the context of China, the government plays a significant role in tourism development. With the purpose of exploring the government’s comprehension of tourism, the paper used the method of Discourse Analysis to analyze the documents about tourism published by the State Council and National Tourism Administration in recent years. The findings indicate that in most of the government’s documents, tourism is regarded as a kind of consumption activity which is the summation of a series of activities associated with tourism, and an economical industry. Namely, the economic attribute is considered to be the nature of tourism. However, the government turns its attention to the social welfare function of tourism and the individual experience feature of tourism recently. With regard to the scope of tourism, the results show that it includes tourist activities and tourist industry, while tourist activities include leisure, recreation, outdoor sports and so on referred to in academia. As for the relevance of tourism, government pays more attention to the development and construction of tourism, tourists’ rights, especially the tourist safety and the quality of tourism service, and the protection of the ecological environment and tourism resources. Though the nature and the scope of tourism comprehended by the government are inconsistent to the comprehension of most scholars, it is reasonable from the analysis of discourse, which implies that the government is affected by the government functions.

Under the background of e-commerce and mobile commerce, the commission problem leading to many contradictions in the hospitality industry and the OTA’s commission model has received more and more challenges (represented by Ctrip). In this paper, based on this commission mode between hotel and OTA, the author established the hotel dominant Stackelberg dynamic game model and the optimization model of cooperation. By solving the model and numerical analysis, the paper concluded respectively the reasonable range when hotel and OTA took the non-cooperate strategy and cooperate strategy.According to the results of numerical analysis, the author draw the following conclusions: (1) With the improvement of the hotel direct proportion, hotel needs to increase the commission to compensate the OTA’s losses caused by hotel’s direct competition. (2) In the hotel dominant market, when the direct proportion is very low, the OTA, in order to get more hotel resources, needs to pay commission to hotel in which situation the commission is equivalent to the wholesale price. (3) When the relationship between the hotel and OTA shifts from competition to cooperation, the hotel needs to transfer partial interest to OTA for cooperation by improving commission.

With the maturity of Web2.0 technology and the rise of individual customers, online travel booking is increasingly favored by tourists. From the personal perspective of tourists, this study constructs a conceptual model to explore the formation mechanism of online booking behavior of tourists. The conceptual model proposed in this study mainly consists of variables such as attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, booking behavioral habits, risk perception, booking intention, and booking behavior. The study conducted a questionnaire survey on four destinations in Quanzhou, Xiamen and Shanghai, and obtained 382 questionnaires. Through the data analysis software such as AMOS and SPSS, the multi-level test of the direct, mediating and regulating effects of the model was carried out. The results show that: (1) Behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a strong direct influence on the booking intention. Also, The booking intention is an important predictor of the booking behavior. The data results indicate that the planned behavior theory has a good explanation for the online booking behavior of tourists; (2) The tourist booking habits has a significant positive impact on the booking behavior, and can also influence the booking behavior through the intermediary effect of the booking intention; (3) Tourist risk perception has a significant negative adjustment effect on the two stages of booking behavior. And risk perception has a greater inhibitory effect on the conversion of booking intentions into real booking behavior. This study also proposes a tourism e-commerce platform marketing strategy system from the aspects of tourism product quality management, guidance of tourists' behavior habits, and reservation risk management. However, the occurrence of online booking behavior of tourists also has irrational behavior characteristics such as impulsive purchase and secular purchase. More theoretical discussions and empirical tests are needed in the future.

Sport tourism is a prominent new example of multi-disciplinary integration, whose conceptual system and subject attributes have lacked clear definition. Firstly, this study analyzes domestic and foreign academic perspectives on the concept and subject attributes of sport tourism, using the phenomenological suspension method from Husserl’s theory to analyze the logical starting points of sport and tourism as separate entities. Secondly, it proposes that the logical starting point of sport tourism’s basic conceptual system is “Tourism-Sport Activities”, using the deductive method to construct the core concepts of the word group, terminology system, and logic relationships diagram of sport tourism. Lastly, it explores and analyzes the subject category of sport tourism based on the dependency relationship of interdisciplinary naming, subordinate rules, and the discipline genus “family similarity”. Through synthesizing the results of this analysis, this study finds that there are more family similarities between sport tourism and tourism, thus sport tourism should belong to tourism subject property.

Although food culture production has become a focal theoretical problem in the area of hospitality management and food geographies, there is still lack of theoretical framework to integrate and analyze the authenticity coordination process in the food culture production between producers and consumers under different consumption contexts. Based on the two-dimension framework of authenticity and standardization, this paper discussed the evolution of authenticity which was constructed by producers and consumers together in different consumption contexts. Meanwhile, this paper explored how producers adjust product and service dynamically in order to adapt to different consumption contexts by multi-case analysis. The study found that: first, when restaurants focus on local customers business, keeping objective authenticity is very important. Second, if restaurants achieve expansion of groups, they should select standardized authenticity. Third, if restaurants achieve translocal expansion, then producers need to adopt symbolic authenticity. Last but not least, if restaurants focus on the customers of foreign culture, they may need to adopt reconstructed authenticity.Through multi-case analysis, the paper discussed and constructed the strategic analysis framework of food culture production in different consumption contexts. It will boost the development of food culture production theory and can also provide theoretical support for expansion strategy of hotels, scenic spots, and other service enterprises.

The trans-local cultural production of food is one of the most hotly debated research agendas and becomes emergingly significant in the area of food geography. Despite the long-term discussion on the paradox of authenticity versus standardization of food and the theoretical exploration on the food consumption context versus producers’ strategy, there is still a lack of interpretation from the views of food consumers, especially the fundamental value of food, namely food authenticity, food safety and food health. Given these shortcomings, this study proposed a three-dimensional framework including food authenticity, food safety and food health and based on this theoretical framework, this paper discussed different perceptions of the three elements from both food producers and consumers. This paper mainly discussed the negotiation process of food authenticity and food safety in the context of mobility and especially the tourism mobility; the second topic is the co-production of food authenticity and food health in the context of (re-)localization and particularly the destruction of global food network on local lifestyle and food perception; the third research agenda is the dis-continuum of food safety and food health in the process of modernization and the uniqueness of food value among different consumers. Furthermore, this research envisions the new directions on food research through both the view of food production and consumption and the integration of natural science and social science, which will promote the sustainable food culture production system in the near future.

In response to the current situation in which the theoretical study on tourism geography is relatively weak, this article has pointed out that the major way to extricate us from this dilemma is to clarify the core research topics in tourism geography, follow up the current methodological turn, and keep up with the new phenomenon in tourism geography. Evolutionary economic geography, which has emerged as a powerful explanatory paradigm, explains the long-term change in human-environment interaction of tourism from a dynamic perspective. However, in terms of methodology, EEG is essentially a process study which is an effective way for theoretical construction. Therefore, interpreting the development of tourism destination and the change of tourist behavior through process studies may be deemed as a new attempt to build up the theory of tourism geography. On these grounds, the paper constructs the theoretical framework of tourism geography, using the main elements of tourism system as the basic research subjects, and the process studies as the core research approach. Based on that, we will eventually come up with literature, models, prediction and mechanism relevant to tourism geography.