With the rise in nostalgia-oriented consumption, rural homestays have become typical venues for experiencing rural life-emotional spaces where visitors retreat from urban bustle and seek psychological comfort. Against this backdrop, this study takes nostalgia-themed rural homestays as the research context and rigorously follows standardized procedures of scale development to construct and validate a measurement instrument for tourists’ nostalgic emotions. Study 1, grounded in a literature review and in-depth interviews, inductively and deductively clarified the connotation of nostalgic emotions and developed an initial pool of measurement items. Study 2 empirically explored and verified the scale’s dimensional structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Study 3 incorporated perceived authenticity and behavioral intention variables into a structural equation model, providing evidence of the scale’s satisfactory criterion-related validity. Through these three sequential studies, a four-dimensional, sixteen-item nostalgia emotion scale-comprising interpersonal nostalgia, personal nostalgia, imagery nostalgia, and historical nostalgia-was developed and validated empirically. This study contributes an objective and standardized tool for assessing nostalgic emotions among rural homestay tourists and offers practical implications for the development and marketing of nostalgia-themed rural accommodations.

In response to the current situation in which the theoretical study on tourism geography is relatively weak, this article has pointed out that the major way to extricate us from this dilemma is to clarify the core research topics in tourism geography, follow up the current methodological turn, and keep up with the new phenomenon in tourism geography. Evolutionary economic geography, which has emerged as a powerful explanatory paradigm, explains the long-term change in human-environment interaction of tourism from a dynamic perspective. However, in terms of methodology, EEG is essentially a process study which is an effective way for theoretical construction. Therefore, interpreting the development of tourism destination and the change of tourist behavior through process studies may be deemed as a new attempt to build up the theory of tourism geography. On these grounds, the paper constructs the theoretical framework of tourism geography, using the main elements of tourism system as the basic research subjects, and the process studies as the core research approach. Based on that, we will eventually come up with literature, models, prediction and mechanism relevant to tourism geography.

Smart tourism has been not only highly valued by scholars but also practiced in some areas with impressive results. At the same time, there are many shortcomings in the practical application of smart tourism. For example, too much emphasis is placed on high and new technology, while insufficient attention is paid to sustainable development. This article systematically reviews the relevant articles on smart tourism. First, it expounds on the origins of smart tourism and the research trends. Second, in accordance with the content of the research literature, it discusses the current research progress in terms of conceptual connotation, theoretical basis and research methods, construction framework, technical support, and application and evaluation systems. It also identifies the deficiencies in each part of the research. Finally, the theoretical structure of smart tourism research is summarized, the positioning of smart tourism is re-examined, and prospects are put forward. Smart tourism is positioned as “using advanced technology, intensive and efficient management, which not only helps to realize value creation for various stakeholders, but also promotes the sustainable development of tourism destinations.” Based on this definition, the author proposes that future smart tourism research should focus on three aspects: re-examining the relationship between technology and smart tourism, carrying out empirical research on smart tourism from a macro perspective, and exploring ways for the sustainable development of smart tourism.

Improving the quality of tourism public services is essential not only to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of tourism and improve quality and efficiency but also to enhance tourists’ well-being. This study, from the perspective of tourism experience, constructs a multiple intermediary model of the influence of tourism public service quality on tourists’ well-being. Structural equation and Bootstrap methods are used to test the model. The results reveal that, experience value positively mediates the impact of information communication service quality and administrative supervision service quality on eudaimonia enjoyment and the impact of information communication service quality, security service quality and administrative supervision service quality on hedonic enjoyment; experience satisfaction positively mediates the impact of information communication service quality and administrative supervision service quality on both eudaimonia enjoyment and hedonic enjoyment; the alternative attractiveness negatively moderates the impact of public facilities service quality, convenience and benefit service quality, and administrative supervision service quality on experience value and the impact of public facilities service quality and convenience and benefit service quality on experience satisfaction. This study integrates the dual structure of subjective well-being and psychological well-being and expands the research on tourists’ well-being. Additionally, it defines the psychological mechanism and boundary conditions of the influence of tourism public service quality on tourists’ well-being, providing important enlightenment for improving tourism public service quality and enhancing tourists’ long-term well-being.

The application of Subjective well-being (SWB) in tourism research has increased in the past decades, but misunderstanding, misusage, and confusion remain. This paper aims to trace the evolution and new trends of SWB and makes critical reviews on its tourism studies. SWB is both a psychological construct and a social construction, and also an important filed of quality of life (QOL) study. The scientific study of SWB began nearly 100 years ago, and has been shaped and influenced by the efforts of Ed Diener and his team. Unfortunately, one continuing problem of SWB is lack of consensus on the conception and measurement of SWB, since it has multiple origins of philosophy and theories, such as hedonistic theories, desire theories, authentic happiness theories, eudaimonistic (or “nature-fulfillment”) theories and list theories. Among these above, hedonistic is widely accepted as a main philosophical foundation and has developed a series of measurement scales, catering to various contexts and research purposes. Eudaimonistic and other theories have also developed some scales. Each scale has advantages and disadvantages, as well as applicable condition. However, some studies ignore or misunderstand the philosophical foundation and applicable condition of SWB scale, and raise some problematic conclusion, such as oversimplification of classic scale, misusage in unsuitable situation, mis-synthesis of scales with different philosophical origins, mis-interchange of QOL, GL, LS and SWB, and even examination on causal relationship between SWB and various constructs that without or with less theoretical connection.

At present, tourism enterprise management in China is widespread and continually being enriched, which requires corresponding theoretical research for guidance. This paper serves two purposes. First, this paper analyzes the current relationship between the theory and practice of tourism enterprise management in China. An analysis of articles on tourism enterprise management published in CSSCI journals from 1998 to 2018 reveals a downward trend in publication numbers in recent years, and the concentration, depth, and relevance of research topics are insufficient. Based on a text analysis of expert speeches at a special seminar on tourism enterprise management in 2018, this paper summarizes and highlights the frontier and hot topics. In making a comparative analysis with the results of a literature analysis, this paper finds that there have been problems of "disconnection" and "mismatch" between tourism enterprise management research and practical issues in China in recent years. Second, this paper proposes a "cross-level and cross-sectional" research framework of tourism enterprise management, which points out that contextualization is an important way to construct the above research framework. It further puts forward a four-dimensional framework of "mature theory, emerging theory, known phenomenon, and new phenomenon" to illustrate how the contextualization theory of tourism enterprise management is constructed. The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in sorting out the research on domestic tourism enterprise management comprehensively and systematically and providing a practice-oriented research guide for follow-up research. This paper also proposes a theoretical framework of tourism enterprise management and the construction of situational theory, which offers new concepts and directions for improving the current research paradigm of domestic tourism enterprise management. Such a framework is conducive to formulating new theoretical ideas and strategies for research on tourism enterprise management.

After more than 30 years of development, China’s tourism academic research has begun to take shape, and tourism academic community is getting stronger day by day . With the rise of China's tourism industry, the Asia Pacific region plays a more and more important role in the tourism industry in the world. The academic exchanges of tourism scholars among Chinese mainland and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are becoming more and more frequent, at the same time, their tourism academic research has attracted more and more attention from their international peers. To examine and evaluate the influence of scholars from Chinese mainland and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan on international tourism academic circles in a more comprehensive and systematic way, Weanalized the tourism papers which were wrote by Chinese scholars and were published in the SSCI international academic journals during the period of 2001~2014. Thus, it can add a new dimension and a reference system for the evaluation of China's tourism academic community, as reviewing and prospecting the current situation and future trend of our tourism academic research with the view of internationalization.

Emotion is crucial in tourist experience, which has an important influence on tourist satisfaction, word-of-mouth and revisit intention. By reviewing the concepts and dimensions of affect in psychology, this paper aims to understand the present situation and research progress of emotion in tourist experience, and to compare the research progress of emotions in tourist experience both at home and abroad. Through the process of literature review, it is found that the current emotional research in tourist experience mainly focuses on the following six aspects, respectively, (1) The discussion of emotion in tourist experience from the perspective of logical thinking. Emotional researchers generally agree that affect is a more comprehensive concept, which includes moods and emotions; (2) Exploring the relationship among variables, such as emotion and tourist satisfaction, loyalty and other outcome variables; (3) The study of some specific emotions, such as nostalgia, regret, happiness and so on; and (4) The factors influencing emotional evaluation; (5) The measurement of emotions. From using emotional scales developed by emotional theorists to develop tourist emotion scales. Nowadays, some psycho-physiological methods are used to measure the real-time emotional responses; (6) Other related research: using big data to analyze the emotional experience of tourists. Although studies have been made to explore the relationship between emotion and outcome variables in different research contexts, however, the antecedents of emotions and the identification of emotional triggers in specific situations are limited, which should be the focus of future tourist emotion research. Only in this way we may deepen our understanding of the emotional experience, so as to design tourism products more effectively and enhance the tourist experience.

The application of actor-network theory (ANT) in tourism research has been broadened. It reveals, through a unique methodological paradigm, the operational mode of an inter-relational network of key elements such as the environment, tourists, and tourism products. Taking 70 relevant papers on ANT published between 2000 and 2021 from the SSCI and CSSCI databases as samples, this paper conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to summarize ANT in the field of tourism research based on five aspects: the number of published papers and publication distribution, types of papers, data acquisition methods, application of ANT in different tourism research topics, and differences between Chinese and English papers. The results show that the number of published papers follows a phased upward trend; the type of papers is mainly qualitative; and the main data acquisition methods comprise case studies, field investigations, and second-hand data. The research mainly focuses on theory and research development, heritage and environmental issues, tourism product development and planning, and rural tourism, as well as the differences in research foci and the application of ANT between Chinese and English literature. Based on a complete understanding of the application status of ANT in tourism research, this paper puts forward suggestions for future development, which can act as a reference and inspiration for follow-up research.

This paper reviews 53 articles of measurement scale development published in six tourism journals (i.e., Annals of Tourism Research,Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, Tourism Management, Tourism Science, and Tourism Tribune) between 1998 and 2017 to elucidate the developmental stages, topical areas and scale development process and statistical standards in the field of tourism studies. It is found that: (1) Studies on measurement scale development in tourism could be diachronically divided into two stages, namely the initial stage (1998-2007) and the quickly-developing stage (2008-2017). (2) The major research areas where measurement scales have been mostly developed are tourists (e.g., tourists’ perceptions, attitudes, and satisfaction), destination (e.g., destination image, brand equity, and sustainability), and residents (e.g., residents’ perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development, and host-guest interactions). (3) Regarding the process of measurement scale development, the commonly followed procedures are generation of scale items, data collection, and assessment of reliability and validity. However, some measurement scale development studies have not strictly followed the procedures in terms of specification of the domains of construct, purification of scale items, pilot data collection, explorative factor analysis, and confirmative factor analysis, to a varying extent. On the contrary, most of the analyzed articles have strictly followed the psychometric standards in measurement scale development and reported the statistical analysis results that justified the psychometric properties of the scales that were newly developed and/or validated. The findings derived from this paper are believed to be able to guide future measurement scale development studies in the field of tourism in terms of research topics, development procedures, and psychometric properties required.

In recent years, the vicious events happened frequently because of tourism service enterprises lack of social responsibility. From the inside of the organization, the reasons can be attributed that leaders fail to undertake the social responsibility of the stakeholders, especially the employees. Based on the example of the travel agency, this paper discusses the relationship between the leadership social responsibility orientation and the performance of the frontline staff service, and further reveals the mechanism of the relationship between the social responsibility orientation and the frontier employee service performance through the intermediary role of the corporate culture. The results show that the leadership social responsibility orientation has a significant impact on the corporate culture and frontline staff service performance; the leading social responsibility orientation can influence the performance of frontline employee service through the intervening variable of corporate culture. The research enriches the theory of leading social responsibility which has a lot practical significance for the tourism service enterprises to build high quality corporate culture and enhance the performance of frontline staff service.

Although hotel research has developed in China for more than thirty years, few studies have investigated the knowledge development process or the current status of Chinese hotel research. This paper conducts a chronological analysis of hotel-related papers published in two leading Chinese tourism journals, namely Tourism Tribune and Tourism Science. The total number of articles included in the analysis was 598. Network analysis was used to examine the key contributors and institutes contributing to the Chinese hotel literature across different time periods. The research area, research design, and methods for data collection and data analysis were identified for each sampled hotel article by adopting a manual coding approach. Results show that the paradigm of Chinese hotel research shifted between the years 2001 and 2005, characterized by distinct foci and methodological preferences. The majority of hotel articles published before 2000 were conceptual and atheoretical; empirical research following a hypothesis-testing approach has grown rapidly since 2000 and now has become the dominant paradigm of Chinese hotel research. Regarding the topics of Chinese hotel research, there has been an increased interest in the attitudes and behaviors of hotel employees and customers, and a declining interest in understanding the practical aspects of hotel management. Correspondingly, surveys targeting hotel customers and employees have become the most widely used data collection tool; also, data analysis methods have become more sophisticated, with techniques suitable for latent variable analysis, including factor analysis and structural equation modeling, gaining popularity.

This paper untangles the various perspectives and academic issues regarding tourism research. It mainly focuses on three topics: the nature and practical significance of tourism, modes of thinking in response to the changing trends in tourism demand, and issues that need attention for the deepening of tourism research. This paper explores the nature of tourism from the perspective of necessity and spatial-temporality, classifying the types of tourism experiences based on multiple dimensions. Moreover, it suggests that four modes of thinking, including scenario thinking and platform thinking, are required in response to changes in tourism demand. Finally, it proposes that in the promotion of tourism research, close attention should be paid to the two core issues of “adopting a problem-solving approach in academic research” and “adhering to academic ethics in data selection”.

The complexity and great change of overall conditions for consumption and individual consumers provide new perspectives and methods for researching tourist buying decision behavior. Both domestic and overseas research on tourist buying decision behavior has given rise to the theories of consumer information processing and of decision-making. This paper first reviews the evolution of overseas comparative consumer decision-making theory; proposes three research prospects represented by digital platforms, cultural differences, and sustainable consumption; and describes the progress of online field experiments as a research method. In domestic tourism research, the focus is primarily on the transformation of marketing modes and consumer orientation. However, inadequate attention has been paid to the IHIP attributes of tourism and the development of domestic tourism consumption. The theory of consumer decision-making does not play an active role in tourism research. It is obviously difficult to apply systematic theories and framework to making world-class academic innovation. Therefore, the paper proposes to improve the framework of information processing and decision-making theory, given new phenomena in tourism. It aims at using the development of Chinese tourism to make better theoretical and practical contributions to tourism research.

This paper, taking the Suzhou Gardens as the research object, based on the multidimensional analysis of the travel notes, studies the tourists’ perception characteristics of Suzhou Gardens. After collecting the Suzhou Gardens travel notes from multiple travel websites, descriptive statistical analysis is firstly made on the characteristics of Suzhou scenic spots. By using the TF-IDF algorithm, the characteristics of hot spots and the characteristics of temporal evolution of scenic spots are found to explore the evolution of tourist concerns over time. Then, combining with the dominant topic analysis and the implicit topic discovery, the paper analyzes the topic characters of the scenic spots to perceive the image of the scenic spots,and analyzes the evaluation in different gardens to form a network depicting the Suzhou Gardens. The network can better show the relation between the garden node and the description word node, and the similarities and differences of different gardens in tourist perception. This paper also carries out the analysis in the emotion aspect, and explores the overall emotional attitude of visitors to the Suzhou gardens. On this basis, this paper analyzes the negative topic of the online travel notes to Suzhou Gardens. Based on the above analysis, it is found that tourists’ recognition of the characteristics of Suzhou Gardens is positive words such as “beauty” and “exquisite”, and tourists usually link Suzhou gardens with surrounding specific cities and surrounding specific scenic spots, as well as other characteristics of scenic spots, which serves as a basis for the future development of Suzhou gardens. Finally this paper takes into account the characteristics of the time perspective changes, providing reference for the future development of Suzhou Gardens tourism.

Fluctuations in the tourism industry have caused many families to face practical difficulties in livelihood sustainability; thus, tourism-based livelihood resilience has become an important research topic. Analyzing the theoretical relationship between the research progress of tourism-based livelihood resilience and the Sustainable Livelihood Approach, this study innovatively integrates sustainable livelihoods and livelihood resilience, considers cultural resilience as a critical element, and constructs a theoretical analysis framework of tourism-based livelihood resilience with multidimensional perspectives and dynamic characteristics. Additionally, cases in Dali of Yunnan, were employed to analyze the acculturation, influencing factors, and cooperative governance of tourism-based livelihood resilience. This study expands the theoretical perspective on sustainable livelihoods and improves the theoretical system of tourism-based livelihood resilience. In the future, livelihood resilience measurement methods, comparison of multilevel case studies, evolutionary mechanism analysis, and collaborative governance should be strengthened in research on tourism-based livelihood resilience.

Amenities and scenes are the products of specific times and have an intrinsic relation with mainstream values. With the change in social values, the understanding of amenities is also changing and being replaced with new ideas. To dissect social dynamics and the process of value formation, this paper deconstructs the generative characteristics of amenities as a form of culture, analyzing the trends of returning to natural amenities, prevalence of consumer amenities, and scenes and amenities in the post-industrial age as amenities transform in response to changing demand. The primary aim of this paper is to provide insights and advice for the development of scenes and national amenities in the Chinese context. The upcoming post-industrial era will witness the joint efforts of planners, designers, and creative workers in their endeavor to inject cultural creativity and artistic aesthetics into people’s daily lives. Creating scenes and amenities should not be limited merely to the construction of a combination of infrastructures, and elements such as aesthetics and culture should also be incorporated, with importance being attached to aesthetics as a part of human integrity.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has normalized service robots cooperating with front-line employees in restaurants to deliver customer services. The effect of service robots has attracted the attention of several researchers. However, existing research has focused on the relationship between customers and robots, whereas research on employees and robots is limited. This study constructs a conceptual model of the four performance features of service robots and employees’ work well-being from the dual perspectives of innovation resistance theory and conservation of resources theory. Using bootstrapping to test the chain mediation effect of robot anxiety and work engagement, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) the animacy and perceived safety of the service robot have significant indirect effects on employees’ work well-being, and employees’ robot anxiety and work engagement have a significant chain mediated effect on the relationships of “animacy-work well-being” and “perceived safety-work well-being”; (2) the animacy and perceived safety of service robots negatively affect employees’ robot anxiety; (3) employees’ robot anxiety weakens their work engagement and reduces their work well-being; and (4) work engagement can improve employees’ work well-being. This study enriches research on the influence of robots on employees in service enterprises.

Urban-rural differences have long been an important research topic but most of the existing literature has focused on the economic aspects, failing to explore the differences in the quality of life between urban and rural residents. Based on annual data from the China General Social Survey and using a latent class modeling approach to build a mixed regression model, this paper explores the differences in and influencing factors of the leisure lifestyles of Chinese urban and rural residents. The findings show that (1) the leisure lifestyles of urban and rural residents are remarkably different, with urban residents participating in leisure activities much more frequently than rural residents as a whole; (2) the differences in the types of leisure participation between urban and rural residents are obvious, with urban residents participating more frequently in leisure activities that help promote personal growth and rural residents being less likely to be involved in high-quality leisure activities; (3) public factors such as public education, health care, and social security and individual factors such as age, health, and education level are the main factors leading to the differences in leisure lifestyles between urban and rural residents. The findings of this study are conducive to narrowing down urban-rural differences, balancing the sense of happiness and gain of urban and rural residents, and providing empirical evidence for research on urban-rural differences in the leisure lifestyles of Chinese residents.

What is tourism is the fundamental question of tourism research and the basis for various stakeholders to dialogue together, yet it has not been soundly responded. In the context of China, the government plays a significant role in tourism development. With the purpose of exploring the government’s comprehension of tourism, the paper used the method of Discourse Analysis to analyze the documents about tourism published by the State Council and National Tourism Administration in recent years. The findings indicate that in most of the government’s documents, tourism is regarded as a kind of consumption activity which is the summation of a series of activities associated with tourism, and an economical industry. Namely, the economic attribute is considered to be the nature of tourism. However, the government turns its attention to the social welfare function of tourism and the individual experience feature of tourism recently. With regard to the scope of tourism, the results show that it includes tourist activities and tourist industry, while tourist activities include leisure, recreation, outdoor sports and so on referred to in academia. As for the relevance of tourism, government pays more attention to the development and construction of tourism, tourists’ rights, especially the tourist safety and the quality of tourism service, and the protection of the ecological environment and tourism resources. Though the nature and the scope of tourism comprehended by the government are inconsistent to the comprehension of most scholars, it is reasonable from the analysis of discourse, which implies that the government is affected by the government functions.

The new era brings great opportunities to the development of rural tourism as well as new demands and challenges. Based on the observation of rural new phenomena, this study puts forward the key issues of rural tourism under the background of new era. The present paper, at first, respectively analyzes rural tourism operation mode in the digital economy from subjects’ digital poverty reduction and digital management of operation mode. Secondly, the paper explores rural tourism market development in the leisure economy from products innovation and market segmentation. Third, we discuss rural tourism entrepreneurship in the innovation economy from the entrepreneurial subject and opportunity, entrepreneurial form and effect, and entrepreneurial system and policy. Forth, we expound rural tourism poverty alleviation in the inclusive economy from the multi-dimensional poverty alleviation, comprehensive poverty alleviation area and co-construction of poverty alleviation paths. Fifth, we analyze the sustainable development of rural tourism in the green economy from the green production and green consumption. Then this paper points out that rural tourism need realize the transformation and integration of subjective and objective, the transformation and integration of resource view, and the transformation and innovation of institutional view. Finally, this paper puts forward an integrated framework of rural tourism. That is, rural tourism industry must rely on the supply and demand to promote each other, and pay attention to the supply and demand of rural tourism in the digital economy and leisure economy. The combination of supply and demand drives the innovation economy, so it is necessary to study the innovation and entrepreneurship of rural tourism. The innovation promotes the realization of poverty alleviation and sustainable development of rural tourism, and rural tourism poverty alleviation will eventually promote the overall sustainable development of rural tourism, thus we need to focus on problems of inclusive development and green development. This article is expected to promote the upgrading of rural tourism by deepening theoretical research and strengthening practice application.

With the development of the concept of the experience economy at the end of the 20th century, experience has been an important economic offering after goods and services. The tourist experience has always been an important issue in tourism research and is regarded as the essence of tourism. This article takes Disneyland, a typical hedonic tourism product, as an example and uses grounded theory, such as open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to discuss the emotional triggers in the tourist experience, various dimensions of tourist experience quality, and the functional process of the tourist experience. This paper found that: (1) the emotional triggers in the tourist experience mainly are environment, service encounter, interpersonal interaction, and activity participation; (2) the quality of the tourist experience is composed of three dimensions (attraction, fun and, enjoyment); and (3) the functional process of the tourist experience starts from different emotional triggers, which act on tourists through the sensory organs and consciousness. Because tourists differ in personality and number of visits, their emotional responses are of different valence and intensity, which leads to various individual experiences and different evaluations of the quality of the tourist experience. This paper pays particular attention to the antecedent variables of tourist experience quality and the functional process of the tourist experience. It is intended to provide better knowledge and more in-depth understanding of the tourist experience, which is conducive for tourism destination managers to design more attractive tourism products and bring about better tourist experiences.

Since the concept of “all-for-one tourism” was proposed, it has rapidly become a hot word in public sphere, and has been widely discussed in the circles of education, business and politics. In recent years, the research results have increased rapidly in quantity, while the application-oriented research were in the majority, and theoretical exploration was very rare. There is lacking of deeply thought and connotation definition about the concept of “all-for-one tourism” in the academia, which leads to generalization and blur boundary of the concept in the research process, invoking confusion in industrial practice.

Exploring the origin and evolution of the concept of “all-for-one tourism”, and reviewing correlational discussions and studies in the circles of education, business and politics through rational reflection, the author proposes that people should understand the concept and its connotation from multiple perspectives and subjects in this article. As an academic concept, development ideal and action strategy, it is still in a state of flux and negotiation in different dimensions and at multiple levels, so the meaning of “all-for-one tourism” should be reflected and improved academically. Based on various analyses, this research presents a fire-new view to understand the concept of “all-for-one tourism”. As a completely new idea of development, the value goal of “all-for-one tourism” should be returned to value rationality from instrumental rationality, and we should make development of tourism become both a powerful tool for improving life quality and happiness of tourists and local residents, and an important way to realize beautiful life for people.

It is needed to adjust local conditions in implementing “all-for-one tourism”. Cities and counties whose resource condition and industrial basis are excellent, are priority development areas of “all-for-one tourism”. It will be confronted with numerous difficulties and obstacles in implementation process, and therefore the crucial problems should be solved including tourist destination construction, institutional improvement, industry upgrading and human development.

The positive Tourism Destination Identity is just like the spear and shield of destination, so it not only represents the competitiveness of the tourism brand but also acts as the firewall and brake of the crisis. However, in recent years, the network public opinion crises have occurred frequently in tourism destination, which had a bad impact on the destination image and brought great challenges to related government departments when guiding public opinions. If the crisis is not properly disposed, the image of destination will be damaged and the destination will lose the confidence and sense of honor of the tourism brand as well. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to adopt appropriate and effective strategies to repair damaged image in the crisis of network public opinion for the healthy and sustainable development of tourism destinations. Given this reality, the author analyses the most influential tourism network public opinion crisis in 2017 - “Malicious beating and disfiguration event in Lijiang” based on the SCCT, focusing on digging, combing and analyzing the crisis situation, response strategies, media reports and public response by using case study method. Furthermore, in order to identify the core of public discussion and the object of responsibility attribution, this paper conducts an in-depth study of netizens’ comments by using word frequency analysis and co-existing analysis. It is found that the crisis situation was complex, including accidental and preventable cluster. However, Lijiang government mainly provided instructing information and deny strategy while responding, which had a great deviation from the response strategies advocated by SCCT, so that the effect of crisis management was not good. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the image restoration of the tourist destination, then optimizes SCCT in the practice of travel destination crisis so that it can provide more guidance to the destination in the future.

This article quantitatively analyzes the literature of social memory in tourist destinations from 1998 to 2019, with the help of the keyword co-emerging network and Ucinet. The results show that: (1) the common focus of research on social memory in domestic and foreign tourist destinations is collective memory, heritage tourism, rural tourism and the issue of the development of local culture.(2)There are differences in the dimensions and research methods of social memory classification in domestic and foreign tourist destinations.(3)In China, small-scale areas such as historical and cultural heritage sites and revolutionary memorial sites are used as research areas, while foreign countries mainly study large-scale areas such as national social memory.(4)The theme of research on social memory in tourist destinations is increasingly integrated. The research perspective is becoming more micro, modular and hierarchical. Through the analysis of the different stages of the hot spots of social memory research in domestic and foreign tourist destinations, this research is expected to provide a reference for further in-depth study of social memory in tourist destinations.

Social media(SM) plays an important role in tourism. It shapes how travellers make decision and change their pre-travel, during travel and post-travel behaviours. SM has also influenced tourism industry practice in the areas of marketing, sales and product development. How Chinese nationals engage with SM in tourism activities is under researched. There have been statistics reporting the usage of the Internet and ICT applications by Chinese nationals. However these statistics are simply descriptive parameters, and cannot provide in-depth insight into SM adoption for tourism in China. Therefore, this study explores the use of SM in tourism-related activities in China with the aim to understand the role of SM in China’s tourism sphere.The research focused on the use of three most popular SM websites, which were RenRen, Sina Weibo and Douban, in tourism-related activities in China.The exploratory research has identified that Chinese use SM to share information about, and personal evaluation of, destinations, tourism products, itineraries of travel, visa and currency exchange. The selected SM sites provide Chinese users a space for open communication and freely exchange of ideas, emotions and cognitive insights into travel, life and being. The technology also offers them a new way of socialising with each other. Renren and Donban in particular give Chinese bloggers a space to freely externalise their deep reflection on travel, life and being in the public domain. Through this process of knowledge transformation, a discursive discourse of tourism representation and understanding is created and re-created. Therefore, SM is more than just an information communication channel. It is a creator that enables the expansion of tourism boundary and a shaper that constantly shapes tourism as a human social conduct within that boundary. The paper argues that SM should not only be regarded as information communication channels, but also a creator and a shaper to forge what tourism is in the contemporary societies.

There has been a rapid growth of empirical research on job satisfaction in the hotel industry since 2000. However, there is little specialized research on how to measure it and few scholars review and rethink measurement methods in existing empirical studies. Considering that job satisfaction measurement in hotel industry has an important value on exploring its antecedent and outcome variables theoretically, and searching for initiatives to improve employee job satisfaction empirically, the study reviewed the concept and measurement of general job satisfaction at first. Currently, job satisfaction is defined from attitude and emotion aspects, and there are two main measuring methods including Single Global Rating and Summated Scale. Then the authors made a relatively detailed analysis and introspection of 30 foreign and 24 domestic quantitative studies about job satisfaction measurement in hotel industry published in 2000~2012 regarding measuring methods, measuring instruments, the question designs of instruments etc. Most domestic scholars tended to adopt the method of Summated Scale and develop the scale independently. Frequency of the two methods used by foreign scholars was almost the same, which means that it is still very controversial when choosing measurement method. Either way is not perfect. Although Summated Scale is facing more and more controversy and issues need to be addressed urgently, more and more scholars begin to use the two methods together in order to measure job satisfaction more accurately and then understand the key dimensions of it. However, this is just a temporary expedient and scholars still need to explore more accurate measurement methods. Finally, the authors made a brief analysis of the limitation of these papers and looked into the four possible development orientations in future: specialized measuring instrument of hotel industry development, psychological dimension construction, reliability and validity measurement, and cross-cultural measuring applicability. The study might provide references and enlightenment for relevant studies in the area of job satisfaction measurement in hotel industry.

Common prosperity is an essential requirement of the Chinese path to modernization, and rural areas are key to achieving the goal of common prosperity. In recent years, rural tourism has played an important role in promoting farmers’ income growth and solving the “Three Rural Issues.” This study focuses on the scientific connotation, theoretical logic, impact mechanism, development strategy, and realization path of high-quality development of rural tourism from the perspective of common prosperity. The core points are as follows. (1) The scientific connotation of high-quality development of rural tourism from the perspective of common prosperity should be understood and grasped from the aspects of industrial upgrading and economic development, cultural revitalization and cultural continuity, ecological protection, and the transition to green development. (2) The development of rural tourism should focus on demand and supply, scientific planning of rural tourism, and benefits for more people. (3) Rural tourism micro-enterprises are important in the development of rural tourism. They must stimulate the vitality of common prosperity by activating kinship networks, improving cultivation accuracy, and building industrial clusters. (4) The development of rural tourism needs to focus on cultural connotations, make full use of the excellent traditional Chinese culture represented by intangible cultural heritage, and promote rural tourism to enter a new stage of high-quality supply. (5) Common prosperity and high-quality development of rural tourism are interdependent and mutually supportive. We should further clarify industrial orientation, improve supply levels, make good use of cultural achievements, and explore reform and innovation systems.

Domestic large-scale activities have developed rapidly. Therefore, festival activities have become one of the fastest growing types of tourism. Visitors are the main participants in the festival. Therefore, understanding the festival attendees’ motivation is extremely important in the festival research, which affects many aspects such as the supply of products and services, the decision-making and the satisfaction of the attendees in the competitive festival market. This paper reviews the domestic and foreign scholars’ discussion on the motivations of tourists’ participation in the festival. Scholars mainly studied the festival motivational framework and the relationship between motivations and other variables. Analyzing the existing researches and the shortcomings of its existence contributes to the future research. This paper mainly discusses the motivations of tourists’ participation from four aspects: the basic theory and the research methods of participate motion, the dimension of festival motivation, the relationship between the motivation of the festival and its influencing factors.

The rapid development of China outbound tourism has attractedacademic attention in recent years. This article concludes the main streams of academic researcheson China outbound tourism. In the pool of academic articles published from 1994 to 2013, 118 sample articles were eventually picked outaccording to their representativeness in research content. Altogether, these literatures are categorized into four research areas: China outbound tourism development overview, China outbound tourism market, China outbound travel industry, and government regulations & policy tendencies. Following this classification, articles in each area are studied respectively in detail, and then the main contents and under-studied issues are summarized. At last, theimplicationsfor future research are also put forward. Hopefully, it will shed some light to the related studies on China outbound tourism. As to the future studies, market studies will continue to be the largest branch. Since the government will maintain its important role in the development of China outbound tourism, studies on government regulations and policy tendencies will grow with the administrative practice. However, the development overview will be given less academic attention. The industry and enterprise studies are unlikely to thrive for its theoretical indistinctiveness.In general, the future research tends to be more specific through multidisciplinary approaches.

Revenue management is considered as an important tool to enhance hotels’ revenue and profits, which is originating from US airline industry in 1980s. The industries that have adopted it include hotels,rail, car rental, dining, golf, cruise, internet, hospitals and health care centers etc. In the hotel industry, Marriott Corporation is the first practitioner to implement RM system. With respect to the rapid development of RM in the international hotel industry, relatively little is known about the practice and research in China. Research of Wang Xiaowen et al shows that there are only 55% of China’s star hotels adopt revenue management theory or system. At present, RM has become an important strategy for pricing and distribution, an important method to maximize the use of resources and productivity, reduce vacant waste, as well as maximize revenue and profits for hotels. In addition, the growing, even intense competition in China's hotel industry has been an indisputable fact nowadays. In this context, the development of RM in China’s hotel industry needs focus and guidance of theoretical research. However, the current domestic research on hotel revenue management is seriously lagging behind practice, especially on revenue management performance influence mechanism. To improve China's hotel industry revenue management performance and enhance their competitiveness, the theory guidance is not enough. Based on fully retrieving the relevant research literature at home and abroad in the last three decades, the authors hves made a comprehensive overview of the origin and development on hotel RM, focusing on the RM performance influencing mechanism. The article is mainly following the logical framework of “hotel quality attributes--revenue management decision-making behavior--revenue management performance measurement”, combing and discussing the research status of hotel revenue management performance influencing factors in depth, and combing the hotel revenue management performance metrics. Finally, through comparing the hotel revenue management research status at home and abroad, this paper proposes the future research trends of hotel revenue management.

There is a close relationship between internet public opinion and network attention. This paper relies on the Baidu Index to collect network attention data, and analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution, characteristics, and formation mechanism of the network opinion transmission of tourism crisis events. The results indicated that the spread of network public opinion can be roughly divided into a development period, an outbreak period, and period of terminal decline. While the development period and the outbreak period are short in duration, the decline phase is longer. The total duration is about 2-4 months. Similar incidents will lead to the superposition effect on internet public opinion. The place where the incident takes place and the attribution of the parties to the incident affect the strength of the internet public opinion. Furthermore, the nature of tourism crisis events affects the speed and strength of the related internet public opinion. Finally, larger tourism crisis events produced internet public opinion in 31 provinces, but there were significant differences in the scope of impact of different events in the development period. The important factors affecting the spread of internet public opinion were the level of economic development, population, network penetration, and distance to the site of occurrence.

Tourists are the mainstay of urban leisure activities. Stimulating the tourists’ civilization environmental responsibility behavior is related to tourists’ behavior norms, the ecological civilization construction of tourism areas as well as the sustainable development of tourism destination. The environmental responsibility behaviors of different regional identity tourists have different performance. To some extent, environmental responsibility behaviors of local residents and outside tourists are varied, which is caused by their different attachment emotion to the scenic spot. A comparative study of the environmental responsibility behaviors of tourists with different regional identity of the subject and the object is an important way to deepen the management of environmental responsibility behavior and effectively protect the natural environment of urban areas. In view of this, this paper takes two groups of tourists—the local residents and outside tourists as the research objects, taking the Yuelu Mountain Scenic Spot in Changsha as an example, using the questionnaire survey and social statistical methods to study the difference of the environmental responsibility behavior of urban tourists with different regional identities of the subject and the object. The results indicates that: ①factor analysis shows that the urban residents’ environmental responsibility behavior mainly manifests as two factors: environmental maintenance behavior and environmental promotion behavior; ②regional identity has an impact on urban residents’ environmental responsibility behavior differences, and the willingness of local residents’ environmental responsibility is stronger than the willingness of outside tourists’ environmental responsibility; ③There are differences in the specific environmental maintenance behaviors and environmental promotion behaviors of the two groups of tourists. At the end of the paper, based on regional identity differences, some management suggestions for the environmental responsibility behavior of tourists are proposed.

Based on the effect of film and television preference on premiums of tourist products, this study uses SEM model to deeply analyze the forming process of premiums of tourist products and reveal the inherent mechanism of multiple mediators (regional image and scenic spot image) and the modulating variable (popularity of superstars). The founding is as follow: (1) The degree of film and television preference plays an important role in influencing regional image, scenic spot image and premiums of tourist products. There is a significant positive correlation among them, the higher the degree of consumers’ preference of the drama, the higher the evaluation of the presented region image. (2) Regional image and scenic spot image respectively have a significant positive correlation with the premiums of tourist products. (3) This multiple intermediary model explains the willing to pay premiums of tourist products. Regional image and scenic spot image have a significant partial mediation effect. The intermediary effect and influence of regional image are significantly stronger than those of scenic spot image. (4) In the case of a high popularity of superstars, the attribution of individual tourists to the degree of film and television preference is more likely to be converted into enhancement of regional image and scenic spot image. It is thus possible to make a decision to implement premiums of tourist products. The popularity of superstars and the image of the region and scenic spots are important factors that affect tourists’ willingness to pay premiums of tourist products.

：Tourism has become a popular and normalized type of activity. Thus, tourism safety has received more and more public attentions. Analyzing the existed researches concerning tourism safety, combining the research streams of tourism safety and discovering the inadequate tourism safety researches are of great significance to the construction of a sound tourism safety research system. Based on the reviews of the connotations and appearances of tourism safety, the research reviewed and summarized domestic tourism safety studies in the last decade from four aspects, tourism body security research, tourism object security research, tourism media security research and tourism safety emergency management research. Firstly, the research reviewed the perception of the safety of tourists, sense of security, safety behavior, safety management and affecting factors on the safety of tourists. Secondly, the research reviewed and combed studies concerning tourism objection the security of tourism resource and the safety of tourist facilities. Thirdly, the research analyzed the travel media from the six elements of tourism. Finally, the research reviewed the research of travel safety emergency management from four stages: prevention, early warning, rescue and recovery. In the end, the author combined the background and the current situation of tourism development and came up with the opinion that tourism safety studies in the future should note four words: focusing, valuing, expanding and improving.

As a concept of physics, coupling has been widely used in many fields. However, this concept is rarely used in the field of tourism. Based on the analysis of the unsustainable phenomena in tourism development, by using the methods of problem analysis and system analysis, this paper puts forward a new concept and connotation of “tourism coupling”. This article summarizes the research progress of coupling, coupling and sustainable development, and points out that tourism coupling is an important new path to solve the unsustainable problem of tourism development and it is an important evaluation model for the harmonious development of tourism. The article defines the research scope of tourism coupling and analyzes the research value of tourism coupling. Based on the case of the National Natural Science Fund for Tourism Coupling hosted by the author, this paper elaborates the practical exploration results of the coupling of tourism supply and demand from the three dimensions of the system of evaluation, the spatial and temporal evolution and the dynamic mechanism of tourism coupling.

Rural B&B‘s environmentally-friendly features not only can help them reduce operating costs, but also can help them comply with the market demand for the protection of natural and cultural resources. By reviewing the related research on the tourism industry and the environmentally-friendly features, we found that most of the studies tend to take the enterprise as the research object, and study the natural environmentally-friendly features, less research has been examined on the consumer attitudes and socio-cultural environmentally-friendly features from the view of consumer. To explore the relationship between rural B&B’s environmentally-friendly features and consumer purchase intention, questionnaire survey was used to gather the primary data, and statistical analysis was carried out,collecting a total of 343 questionnaires; meanwhile, 26 provincial-level 227 rural B&B total of 541 effective network commentary as a secondary data that were collected from rural B&B’s online reviews were analyzed by content analysis. The result shows: 1) rural B&B’s environmentally-friendly features are positively correlated with consumer purchase intention. 2) socio-cultural environmentally-friendly features play a more important role in consumers’ decision making, and socio-cultural environmentally-friendly will be significantly improved consumer purchase intention; 3) different environmentally-friendly features have different impact on consumer purchase intention. The protection of local culture, community-involvement and host-guest interaction, advocacy of environmentally-friendly are the top 3 important impacts.

Mass tourism came with modernity, which laid the foundation for tourism studies. An in-depth description of the mass tourism phenomenon can help to better understand the essence of tourism; however, theoretical interrogation of the origin of mass tourism is insufficient. Drawing on relevant studies of mass tourism both at home and abroad, this study offers a genetic explanation of mass tourism by probing into the subject (i.e. tourists) , object (i.e. tourist attractions) and intermediary (i.e. supporting elements) of mass tourism via a socio-cultural perspective. The examination of the three aspects of mass tourism are situated in the context of socio-cultural changes, such as the blurred distinction between work, tourism and nostalgia, and result from the evolution of mass culture, Romanticism and modernity. Accordingly, the major factors triggering the occurrence and development of mass tourism are identified, and highlight the theoretical understanding of mass tourism phenomenon.

The tourism system and the transportation system are closely linked. On the one hand, the transportation is the lifeblood of the national economy and it’s of great strategic significance for the development of regional tourism economy and industry. On the other hand, the rapid development of the tourism industry also can promote the construction of transportation infrastructure. What’s more, the changes in tourism demand will improve the level of modernization of transportation and affect the development pattern of transportation modes. So tourism transportation has become the focus of attention of scholars. This article uses the literature research method to summarize the relevant literature about tourism transportation research at home and abroad, and deeply analyzes the current research status of tourism transportation from three perspectives: the research content, the research methods and the case studies. And the research content of tourism transportation literature at home and abroad will be analyzed from seven aspects which conclude the status of tourism transportation in the tourism system, the influence of tourism transportation on the attractiveness of tourism destinations, the role of tourism transportation in shaping the spatial pattern of regional tourism, the planning and development strategies of tourism transportation, the environmental impacts on tourism transport and the sustainable development, the interactive relationship between tourism and transportation. Finally, this paper gives prospect for research focus and direction from several aspects which conclude regional impact of high-speed rail on tourism system, the conflicts and development strategies of transportation for the rural cultural landscapes, the construction of risk assessment and prevention about tourism transportation, the assessment of cross-regional tourism traffic environmental impact and paying attention to the poor areas.

As a classical social science discipline concerned with the study of “human culture”, anthropology has an extraordinary explanatory power to interpret social problems in the tourism context. However, the recent upsurge in the use of anthropology to study tourism has created problems that require investigation. A systematic examination of the “anthropology of tourism”, as precedented upon the knowledge spillover of anthropology into tourism research, is required to understand this emerging field. Therefore, this paper provides a theoretical analysis of knowledge spillover from anthropology to tourism research from three angles: perspective, theory and method. It also identifies specific cases and reflects upon the procedural problems within knowledge spillover. This research finds that anthropological perspective provides research proposals for the interpretation of social phenomena in the tourism field, which can be classified into the following three categories: “overall and local”, “macro and micro” and “internal and external” perspectives. Secondly, as a mature social science discipline, anthropology provides a theoretical tool for tourism researchers to revise their understanding of tourism phenomena. Thirdly, the long-term tracing of typical cases and ethnographic methods used in anthropology has had a profound impact on tourism research, and the ethnography of diversified development expands the methodologies of tourism research, providing an effective tool for tourism researchers to gain insight into their subjects’ perspectives, appreciate communities’ emotions and attitudes, and understand local culture. Finally, in order to ensure the knowledge spillover of anthropology is recognized by the academic community, tourism scholars should further broaden the applications of knowledge spillover, deepen the underlying theory, strengthen the absorption and creation of knowledge, and ultimately realize the sharing of knowledge between these two disciplines.