：Medical tourism refers to the tourism activity for the purpose of medical care, healthcare, rehabilitation and recovery. The theory of planned behavior is one of the most widely used psychological models that examine the factors influencing behavior. Based on this theory, behavioral intention is predicted from three antecedents: attitudes about behavior; perceptions of important others’ approval of performing the behavior (subjective norms); and perceived control over performing the behavior. This paper used the theory of planned behavior to investigate the medical tourism beliefs of Chinese residents. Furthermore, contextual factors have significant effects on the behavioral intentions, and marketing level has been approved to be one of the important contextual factors. Thus, this present study examined how attitude, subjective norm and perceived control influenced medical tourism intention based on the theory of planned behavior, and the moderating effect of medical tourism marketing. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that when the attitude toward medical tourism was more positive, the external circumstance was more supportive, and the perceived control was stronger, individuals showed higher intention for medical tourism. In addition, perceived marketing level of medical tourism could weaken the relations among attitude, subjective norm, perceived control and behavioral intention. In the future, this paper proposes suggestions to increase the purchase of medical tourism products, including highlighting the promotion and marketing of medical tourism, and increasing the international service qualities to attract more Chinese medical tourists.

With the development of mobile internet and social networking platforms, microfilm advertising has become an important marketing tool for many tourism destinations. However, in terms of marketing effects, there are very few destination microfilms that can attract enough attention and arouse consumers’ desire effectively. What kind of destination microfilms is more likely to be shared by viewers? This study is conducted to explore the intensity of positive emotions triggered by microfilms and the source of microfilms.

The results of Study 1 demonstrate that the intensity of positive emotions triggered by destination microfilms may significantly affect the willingness of viewers to share. The higher the positive emotions are, the greater the willingness to share. Study 2 and Study 3 show that, compared with videos of unknown places, videos related to hometown are more likely to be shared by viewers. At the same time, study 3 further confirms the influence of emotion intensity on the willingness of viewers to share. The findings of this paper enhance our understanding about the role of destination microfilms in viewers’ willingness to share. Furthermore, this study has practical implications for brand communication. For destination marketing organizations, our advice is that if they want to obtain a higher click through rate and widespread publicity, they should pay more attention to the interest and the psychological needs of potential tourism consumers than before so as to produce more interesting microfilms for the target audiences. At the same time, destination marketing organizations should strive to inspire and guide local residents’ nostalgic feelings for hometown, sharpen their awareness of the local tourism resources and arouse their enthusiasm for the dissemination of microfilms, thus greatly improving the communication of the destination tourism brand.

Emotion is crucial in tourist experience, which has an important influence on tourist satisfaction, word-of-mouth and revisit intention. By reviewing the concepts and dimensions of affect in psychology, this paper aims to understand the present situation and research progress of emotion in tourist experience, and to compare the research progress of emotions in tourist experience both at home and abroad. Through the process of literature review, it is found that the current emotional research in tourist experience mainly focuses on the following six aspects, respectively, (1) The discussion of emotion in tourist experience from the perspective of logical thinking. Emotional researchers generally agree that affect is a more comprehensive concept, which includes moods and emotions; (2) Exploring the relationship among variables, such as emotion and tourist satisfaction, loyalty and other outcome variables; (3) The study of some specific emotions, such as nostalgia, regret, happiness and so on; and (4) The factors influencing emotional evaluation; (5) The measurement of emotions. From using emotional scales developed by emotional theorists to develop tourist emotion scales. Nowadays, some psycho-physiological methods are used to measure the real-time emotional responses; (6) Other related research: using big data to analyze the emotional experience of tourists. Although studies have been made to explore the relationship between emotion and outcome variables in different research contexts, however, the antecedents of emotions and the identification of emotional triggers in specific situations are limited, which should be the focus of future tourist emotion research. Only in this way we may deepen our understanding of the emotional experience, so as to design tourism products more effectively and enhance the tourist experience.

The theory of evolution influences nearly every aspect of humankind’s behavior research. Also, based on the theory of evolution, the evolutionary psychology appeared in 1990s is a new research area in modern western psychology. But by now, the two theories have no effect on the field of leisure study yet. From the perspective of evolutionism and evolutionary psychology, using historical and logical approach, the paper first sorts out how the gathering-hunting life style formed humankind’s body shape, structure, and function (including mind). Then, the paper points out that production and life styles in the traditional agricultural society, in comparison to the modern industrial society, better adapted to humankind’s nature that shaped in gathering-hunting society. The division of labor in modern industrial society (including industrialized modern agriculture) deprived quite a part of humankind’s usage of their structure and function, which led to the people’s discomfort. Therefore, the meaning of positive leisure is to make those part of deserted and unused body function be used creatively again, and make people’s mind feel happy and enjoyable. Based on this viewpoint, the paper puts forward four aspects of implications to the leisure study in the end: 1.Theoretically and logically, to unify and explain the current main theories about the leisure self-consistently; 2.The essence of leisure is to switch a person’s always engaged activities to other disparate things, namely, make his/her over-used body, function and mind rest and over-rested parts to be exercised; 3.Leisure activities should supply people some certain degree of effective physical and environmental stimulus, and simply to emphasize the comfort and convenience is not always right; 4.It is essential and urgent for researchers and policy-makers to consider how to afford people active leisure activities which are based on human being’s nature and to achieve human being’s full development and self-worth thereby.

The positive Tourism Destination Identity is just like the spear and shield of destination, so it not only represents the competitiveness of the tourism brand but also acts as the firewall and brake of the crisis. However, in recent years, the network public opinion crises have occurred frequently in tourism destination, which had a bad impact on the destination image and brought great challenges to related government departments when guiding public opinions. If the crisis is not properly disposed, the image of destination will be damaged and the destination will lose the confidence and sense of honor of the tourism brand as well. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to adopt appropriate and effective strategies to repair damaged image in the crisis of network public opinion for the healthy and sustainable development of tourism destinations. Given this reality, the author analyses the most influential tourism network public opinion crisis in 2017 - “Malicious beating and disfiguration event in Lijiang” based on the SCCT, focusing on digging, combing and analyzing the crisis situation, response strategies, media reports and public response by using case study method. Furthermore, in order to identify the core of public discussion and the object of responsibility attribution, this paper conducts an in-depth study of netizens’ comments by using word frequency analysis and co-existing analysis. It is found that the crisis situation was complex, including accidental and preventable cluster. However, Lijiang government mainly provided instructing information and deny strategy while responding, which had a great deviation from the response strategies advocated by SCCT, so that the effect of crisis management was not good. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the image restoration of the tourist destination, then optimizes SCCT in the practice of travel destination crisis so that it can provide more guidance to the destination in the future.

With the maturity of Web2.0 technology and the rise of individual customers, online travel booking is increasingly favored by tourists. From the personal perspective of tourists, this study constructs a conceptual model to explore the formation mechanism of online booking behavior of tourists. The conceptual model proposed in this study mainly consists of variables such as attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, booking behavioral habits, risk perception, booking intention, and booking behavior. The study conducted a questionnaire survey on four destinations in Quanzhou, Xiamen and Shanghai, and obtained 382 questionnaires. Through the data analysis software such as AMOS and SPSS, the multi-level test of the direct, mediating and regulating effects of the model was carried out. The results show that: (1) Behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a strong direct influence on the booking intention. Also, The booking intention is an important predictor of the booking behavior. The data results indicate that the planned behavior theory has a good explanation for the online booking behavior of tourists; (2) The tourist booking habits has a significant positive impact on the booking behavior, and can also influence the booking behavior through the intermediary effect of the booking intention; (3) Tourist risk perception has a significant negative adjustment effect on the two stages of booking behavior. And risk perception has a greater inhibitory effect on the conversion of booking intentions into real booking behavior. This study also proposes a tourism e-commerce platform marketing strategy system from the aspects of tourism product quality management, guidance of tourists' behavior habits, and reservation risk management. However, the occurrence of online booking behavior of tourists also has irrational behavior characteristics such as impulsive purchase and secular purchase. More theoretical discussions and empirical tests are needed in the future.

The construction of ecological civilization is the fundamental plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. Ecotourism is an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of tourism. Under the background of ecological civilization construction in the new era, what challenges ecotourism will face? The article analyzed the relationship between ecological civilization and ecotourism, and put forward the challenges faced by ecotourism in the context of ecological civilization construction. To enrich ecotourism research system and promote the healthy and sustainable development of ecotourism, research directions of ecotourism were prospected in six aspects: the development connotation and concept of ecotourism, optimization of spatial models of ecotourism and new products, the environmental support ways of ecotourism, the law of ecotourism markets, the environmental education of ecotourism and propagation function of ecological civilization ideas, and ecotourism discovery system mechanism innovation.

As an important means of measuring tourism development and evaluating the impact of tourism economy, tourism statistics play a significant role for supporting the decision-making of the government and tourism enterprises. For a long time, the accuracy of domestic tourism statistics has been questioned by academics and professionals. Current solutions towards resolving the accuracy problem mainly focus on the improvements of contents, methods and systems of tourism statistics; an in-depth reconsideration of fundamental concepts of tourism statistics is still lacking. This article tries to locate the root of the problems in the current statistical data by scrutinizing the concept of one of the fundamental statistical indicator, namely the domestic tourists. The tourism statistics in the real world would be benefit after the concept was clarified through introducing spatial scale perspective.

The thematic literature review of the research topic is beneficial to theorize and systematize the evolution and development of the research content, and further, critically evaluate the overall development direction and future evolution. Based on the journal literatures of CNKI from 1987 to 2018 in approximately 30 years, this study statistically analyzes the basic pattern of tourist behavior in China (research stages, core institutions, core authors, core journals and research topics). The research on tourist behavior in China has going through four stages of gradual development: beginning, development, maturity and prosperity. In addition, the core institutions and authors have centralized and overlapped on geographical distribution, and the core authors are all full-time teachers or researchers, with higher professional titles. Finally, the top ten core journals mainly focus on the journals of tourism and geography. Based on these information, this paper summarizes and reviews the research results of tourist behavior in China from four aspects: perspective selection, theory promotion, method using and practical application. It is found that the study of tourist behavior in China is moving towards multi-perspective, multi-theory and multi-method, thus provides important implications for tourism practice. This paper proposes that the future study of Chinese tourist behavior should be further explored from four directions of object expansion, data acquisition, method update and theoretical construction. The study on localization of tourist behavior should not only focus on the universality of knowledge contribution, but also on the improvement based on China's own social and cultural characteristics, so as to realize the equal dialogue with international tourist behavior research and solve the practical problems of Chinese tourism development.

Health and wellness tourism has become a new trend for travel in the last two decades and gained growing attention from the academic world. However, most of the existing studies are descriptive, focusing on the particular aspects of health and wellness tourism's supply and demand, as well as its political economic analysis. There is still a lack of theoretical explanation for the mechanism how tourists improve their health and wellbeing during their travels. This paper proposes that the concept of ‘therapeutic mobilities’ should be adopted to understand the phenomenon of health and wellness tourism so as to resolve the dilemma of lacking theoretical perspectives and contributions in current health tourism research. The conceptualization of therapeutic mobilities provides a theoretical perspective for understanding the relations between mobilities, place and health, and therefore it can be applied to the tourism research field to examine how tourism mobilities promote people’s health and wellbeing. Meanwhile, the context of travel can further enhance the depth and breadth of therapeutic mobilities theory. The integration of health tourism and therapeutic mobilities will advance the intersection of tourism geography and health geography, providing a deeper understanding of mobilities, place and health.

Researchers have been focusing on the tourism policies due to the varied policies implemented by the government significantly affecting the development of tourism industry. In particular, visa policies, as the fundamental institutional arrangements of international tourism flows, are attracting increasing attention in the study. Visa restriction and visa liberalization are the important instruments for controlling the movement of people. As a result, visa policy becomes a guarantee of national and economic security while it will also lead to economic loss from refusing potential trade, investment and tourists. Regardless of the reasons for visa policies, the positive impact of visa liberalization and the negative impact of visa restrictions on tourism have become the consensus of most studies. However, transit visa-free policy, as an effective and active visa policy internationally, has attracted few attention. In this paper, based on the panel data from 2008 to 2016 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China, the combination of matching method and difference-in-difference (DID) method was innovatively used to verify the growth effect of transit visa-free policy on inbound tourism. The results showed that the policy significantly promoted the development of inbound tourism, and its promotion functioned immediately. However, due to the flaws of the policy, the effectiveness became weakened gradually. In addition, the regression results were still robust after the Placebo test. This paper is referable for the validity of visa policy, the implementation of visa-free policy and the improvement of research methods for policy evaluation in tourism research.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a multidimensional acculturation in the context of the development of ethnic traditional villages. Based on acculturation theory, the study selected 526 residents who were all from the three typical villages of Dong minority in the southeast of Guizhou. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to the responses of two respective independent samples of native in villages on the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA). Three correlated dimensions were found to underlie SL-ASIA items, namely ethnic identity, social communication and conducts of daily life. This paper not only verifies the validity of the SL-AISA scale in Chinese context, but also finds that although the SL-AISA scale is a single linear model, it is indeed multidimensional. As indicated by the empirical findings of this research, individuals can experience more than one culture at the same time. Residents in the dimension of social communication and ethnic identity are more manifested as Dong culture-oriented biculturalism, while residents in the dimension of daily life behavior are more manifested as true biculturalism. From the average of the three dimensions, it can be preliminarily determined that although the "Coca-Cola" phenomenon in the daily life behavior of the Dong minority is more obvious, however, the ethnic identity is still very strong. The percentage of use of the Dong language as a mother tongue is very high. The villagers have a narrow circle of interpersonal relationships and are deeply embedded in the small groups of the villagers' society. It is a typical society of acquaintances. Ethnic traditional village managers should know the acculturation status of local residents and on this basis help residents adapt to cultural changes and motivate their supportive behaviour for development, thus exploring a way for numerous ethnic villages to effectively improve the life quality and solve the livelihood issues of local residents, meanwhile to truly safeguard the ethnic dignity of individuals and protect unique cultural heritages.

This research takes the restaurant named Dick’s Last Resort in Boston, the US. as a case study and discusses the source of attractions of the restaurant known for rude services. The research applies qualitative methods, based on the data collected from field work and from social network reviews, using the software Maxqda as an analysis tool. As a result, this research finds out that this restaurant builds up a field atmosphere of game and conducts the interactive comedy performance in this field and realizes an anti-structure game process. This process includes the interaction between servers and customers, and also the interaction between customers. Furthermore, this research explores the key phrases within this game process, including: (1) informing; (2) demonstration; (3) guiding; and (4) interaction. It also finds out the application of body language and oral language during different phases. Based on this, this research analyses the results of the game conducted in the restaurant and points out the main influencing factors, including: (1) the degree of participation of audiences (the characters and acceptance of audiences); (2) the existence of moral border and personal border; (3) the sensitivity of the performers detecting the borders of the audiences; (4) the influence of cultural background of the audiences; and (5) the fulfillment of the basic functions of the restaurant. In the end, this article tries to answer the final question regarding to the attraction of this unique restaurant, namely: how does good-humored teasing give pleasure? The answer to this question is reflected in the following theoretical logic: (1) the construction and informing of the border of a “game filed”; (2) the authenticity contained in rudeness; (3) the intelligence contained in humor. In general, regarding this unique service style which contradicts the traditional and regular service style in restaurant management, this research discovers a possible explanation of the phenomena, illustrates its implementation approach in practice, pointes out its main successes and existing/potential problems, intending to provide references for theoretical exploration and restaurant practice.

Based on the effect of film and television preference on premiums of tourist products, this study uses SEM model to deeply analyze the forming process of premiums of tourist products and reveal the inherent mechanism of multiple mediators (regional image and scenic spot image) and the modulating variable (popularity of superstars). The founding is as follow: (1) The degree of film and television preference plays an important role in influencing regional image, scenic spot image and premiums of tourist products. There is a significant positive correlation among them, the higher the degree of consumers’ preference of the drama, the higher the evaluation of the presented region image. (2) Regional image and scenic spot image respectively have a significant positive correlation with the premiums of tourist products. (3) This multiple intermediary model explains the willing to pay premiums of tourist products. Regional image and scenic spot image have a significant partial mediation effect. The intermediary effect and influence of regional image are significantly stronger than those of scenic spot image. (4) In the case of a high popularity of superstars, the attribution of individual tourists to the degree of film and television preference is more likely to be converted into enhancement of regional image and scenic spot image. It is thus possible to make a decision to implement premiums of tourist products. The popularity of superstars and the image of the region and scenic spots are important factors that affect tourists’ willingness to pay premiums of tourist products.

This opinion piece article discusses and evaluates various issues of China tourism research from the stance of an overseas Chinese tourism scholar on the basis of his personal scholarly experiences. The article is composed of three parts. Part One echoes McKercher’s recent discussions on the status of international tourism research and discusses the relevant issues pertaining to China tourism research based on the author’s personal thoughts. Part Two briefly talks about some frontier theoretical issues facing China tourism research. Part Three analyses the common problems authors based in mainland China face in publishing their research in international English language research journals and provides recommendations. It is recommended that the tourism research community in China should be more self-reflexive in their scholarly activities; they also need to take an international perspective and view angle to contribute more to the commonwealth of the world’s tourism knowledge.

On the basis of systematically combing the related documents on the tourism development of historical blocks in China, this paper makes a systematic analysis of the related documents. This paper expounds the research origin and concept connotation of the historical district and summarizes the relevant contents of the material space transformation in the historical district. That is, the protection of tourism resources and the tourism development in historical blocks. From four aspects: the impact of tourist activities on residents, tourists' perception to the development of historical blocks, the coordination of the main body relationship in the tourism development of urban historical blocks and value reconstruction in the tourism development of historical blocks. We will further explore the impact of the development of historical blocks on social culture. This paper analyzes the shortcomings of the existing research, and puts forward some problems and prospects on the tourism development of historical blocks, including protecting the authenticity and function of historical blocks, perfecting the tourism development system of historical blocks, attaching importance to the socialization research of historical blocks, strengthening the management of software refinement in historical blocks, and promoting the features and brand competitiveness of historical blocks.

With the technological development and consumption pattern changes, hospitality industry has been actively updating its technologies and enhancing services. Thus, the information technology in hospitality operation and management is critical to the future hoteliers. Professor Cobanoglu and his team including Professor Galen, Dr. Bilgihan and Dr. Ekaterina authored the book Hospitality Information Technology: Learning How to Use it, which comprehensively introduced the applications and techniques of information technologies for hospitality management. This book use layman language to systematically explain the basic knowledge and practical applications of the hospitality information systems from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The covered topics include information technology basics, internet establishment and maintenance, restaurant information systems, hotel information systems, financial information systems, customer experience technology, internet and social media, strategic selection of information technologies for hospitality enterprises, big data analysis, project management, and the emerging smart technologies and robots for hospitality services, to name a few. The aforementioned areas provide great implications for China’s hospitality practices and teaching activities.

Based on 1 657 papers collected from Annals of Tourism Research from 2002 to 2017 in Web of Science, this paper applies software named Citespace to analyze academic trends in tourism studies. Results show the main research topics and trends in terms of major research institutions, prominent authors, key words, citation frequency and academic contributions of scholars in mainland China. Findings show that research institutions in developed countries such as Britain, the United States and the United States ranking among the forefront in tourism studies. However, institutions and scholars from developing countries have been increasingly involved in tourism research. Medical tourism, social tourism, volunteer tourism and other new types of tourism have attracted scholar’s attention. Research topics become much more diversified, and body, emotion, wellbeing, even pets carried during travelling gradually become the focus of tourism research, which indicates that tourism research tends to focus more on an emotional and micro perspective. Researchers tend to apply multiple perspectives to analyze tourism phenomena, which gives more inspiration and insights for future researchers. Based on this, Chinese researchers are likely to conduct more dialogues with western scholars in order to establish a theoretical framework in tourism studies.

As a concept of physics, coupling has been widely used in many fields. However, this concept is rarely used in the field of tourism. Based on the analysis of the unsustainable phenomena in tourism development, by using the methods of problem analysis and system analysis, this paper puts forward a new concept and connotation of “tourism coupling”. This article summarizes the research progress of coupling, coupling and sustainable development, and points out that tourism coupling is an important new path to solve the unsustainable problem of tourism development and it is an important evaluation model for the harmonious development of tourism. The article defines the research scope of tourism coupling and analyzes the research value of tourism coupling. Based on the case of the National Natural Science Fund for Tourism Coupling hosted by the author, this paper elaborates the practical exploration results of the coupling of tourism supply and demand from the three dimensions of the system of evaluation, the spatial and temporal evolution and the dynamic mechanism of tourism coupling.

This article reflects upon issues and perspectives on China tourism and its research in the new era. The essay unfolds itself in a paradigmatic context of ontology, epistemology and methodology in conjunction with the unknown, the known and the knower for its knowledge production. Multi-/inter-disciplinary integration, generational transition of members in its scientific community, and the dynamism and interactions between/amongst its academics, industry professionals and government administrations are identified and discussed as defining features of China tourism research and practice in the new era. Hopefully, these emerging issues and perspectives offer promises for the advancement of theory and betterment of practice of China tourism in the new era.

Social media(SM) plays an important role in tourism. It shapes how travellers make decision and change their pre-travel, during travel and post-travel behaviours. SM has also influenced tourism industry practice in the areas of marketing, sales and product development. How Chinese nationals engage with SM in tourism activities is under researched. There have been statistics reporting the usage of the Internet and ICT applications by Chinese nationals. However these statistics are simply descriptive parameters, and cannot provide in-depth insight into SM adoption for tourism in China. Therefore, this study explores the use of SM in tourism-related activities in China with the aim to understand the role of SM in China’s tourism sphere.The research focused on the use of three most popular SM websites, which were RenRen, Sina Weibo and Douban, in tourism-related activities in China.The exploratory research has identified that Chinese use SM to share information about, and personal evaluation of, destinations, tourism products, itineraries of travel, visa and currency exchange. The selected SM sites provide Chinese users a space for open communication and freely exchange of ideas, emotions and cognitive insights into travel, life and being. The technology also offers them a new way of socialising with each other. Renren and Donban in particular give Chinese bloggers a space to freely externalise their deep reflection on travel, life and being in the public domain. Through this process of knowledge transformation, a discursive discourse of tourism representation and understanding is created and re-created. Therefore, SM is more than just an information communication channel. It is a creator that enables the expansion of tourism boundary and a shaper that constantly shapes tourism as a human social conduct within that boundary. The paper argues that SM should not only be regarded as information communication channels, but also a creator and a shaper to forge what tourism is in the contemporary societies.

Collecting the network attention and relevant data,using agglomeration index, diffusion index, Pearson test,regression analysis and so on, and revealing the features of convergence-diffusion’s spatial-temporal in Hunan province and its influencing factors,we can get the following conclusions:（1）The larger flow of tourism generally comes from the cities with higher level of economic development, larger population and abundant tourism resources. The Agglomeration index of cities and towns shows a trend of rising first and then decreasing.（2）Influenced by climate comfort and other factors, the agglomeration and diffusion ability of tourist flow in different seasons is different.（3）Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan area is the main tourist source area, and it is also the main tourism destination. It is important for the tourism development in Hunan province.The big western Hunan area is also the main tourism agglomeration area in Hunan province.（4）The most important factors of tourist flow Convergence-Diffusion are GDP and the abundance of tourism resources.

Professional identity significantly influences students’ professional learning and career choice. To some extent, it also influences our discipline development and major construction. However, there are few studies that directly focus on professional identity from the perspective of undergraduate tourism management students. To address the literature gap, this research explores the dimensions of professional identity and its potential impact factors by questionnaire targeting undergraduate tourism management students in China.The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are conducted on professional identity scale to figure out the dimensions that comprise professional identity of undergraduate students in tourism management program(major). Based on the above analysis, the independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA are analyzed to confirm the differences in professional identity for students’ personal characteristics and college characteristics. EFA and CFA reveal that the professional identity of undergraduate tourism management students comprises four dimensions, namely emotion attachment, professional teaching, professional learning, and social approval. Moreover, undergraduate tourism management students have a low degree of professional identity. To be specific, students perceive relatively higher identity on emotion attachment and professional teaching, but their perceptions of professional learning and social approval are lower.In addition, the grade, enrollment methods, and school & department perform significant differences at all dimensions of professional identity, while other personal characteristics and college characteristics are significantly different at one to three dimensions.

Despite not being a typical energy-consuming sector, the tourism industry has attracted ever-increasing attention in recent years, due to its steadily increasing levels of energy consumption. This phenomenon has generated numerous studies of tourism-related energy consumption. Compared with the international academic community, the researches of Chinese tourism energy consumption have just stated. Taking this into account, this study carries a research review of international tourism related energy consumption through a bibliometric analysis based on Web of Science. For one thing, our results will bring domestic academia a more comprehensive understanding of the academic front in this field. For another, our results can have a certain reference value to guide any relevant, and subsequent studies. Particularly, The paper also makes prospects on the research of energy consumption in China’s tourism industry. Our results indicate that the most important subject involved with tourism related energy consumption is Environmental sciences ecology. Our results also clearly show that four aspects are mostly focused on, including the relationship between energy, environment and tourism development, reducing energy consumption in tourism industry, the composition and measurement of tourism related energy consumption, and the application of new energy in the development of tourism industry. Despite those significant findings, some improvements should also be addressed in future work, such as the countermeasures of energy consumption reduction and their impacts, the comparison of different energy consumption in different tourism sectors as well as the relationship between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Regarding Chinese research on tourism related energy consumption, besides those aspects indicated above, the measurement of tourism related energy consumption, the impact of energy consumption on the sustainable development of China’s tourism, and the relationship between energy consumption and stakeholders’ literacy deserve more efforts.

The fundamental changes in broad environment underpinning tourism phenomena bring forward not only opportunities but also challenges for academic research, requiring the development of new constructs, new theories and new methods. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects invited experienced scholars to write essays on the phenomena, questions and theories in tourism studies, aimed to further academic discussion about these issues.

We should answer the following questions in order to conduct research effectively in the field of tourism management.First, what are the characteristics of tourism research? Second, what is the basis of tourism research? Third, how will high-value tourism research issues be identified and put forward? Fourth, how will scientific and applicable methods be employed to carry out research? Fifth, how will the results of tourism research be evaluated, well accepted and therefore exert some academic influence? According to the classification of disciplines by the Education Ministry of China,Tourism Research is incorporated into the category of Tourism Management, which in turn derives its fundamental theories from Management and Economics. The author of this paper has been the principal investigator of many tourism research programs and published a few award-winning monographs and papers. Based on the analysis of research of some economists and management scholars who have won the Nobel Prize in economics, this paper attempts to explore and find answers to the above-mentioned questions.

Economics provides methods or frameworks to analyze economic behavior or phenomenon. In order to conduct tourism economic research, researchers should understand the tourism phenomenon or facts comprehensively at first. And then, they should construct appropriate theory based on tourism phenomenon or facts. These theories will become the part of tourism theory system. As a widely accepted analysis paradigm, economics frameworks contain such parts as perspective, frame of reference and analysis instruments. In the empirical research, the above mentioned analysis paradigm takes the forms of model, data and variables etc. Data cannot speak for itself. The empirical analysis based on econometrics can not only expand the tourism research perspectives, but also drive researchers to explore the mechanism or story behind tourism data. These related researchers’ efforts will inevitably promote the development of tourism economics.Currently, research of tourism economics in China is still at the beginning stage, and there are very few studies over this subject. So, researchers should find more support from original disciplines, and get more nutrient from parent disciplines. The discipline of economics can provide divers and effective theory and method for tourism economic research. We should conduct tourism economic research in the framework of economics. This is not only the development stage of tourism economics, but also an important career development path for related researchers. However, considering the applicability of economic theory in the tourism economics context, researchers should remain cautious when they use economic theories or methods to conduct tourism research. Researchers should make continuous theory innovations based on the tourism practice, which can promote the tourism economics substantially.

Potential tourists use destination brand personality to make a quick image association and positioning evaluation towards a specific place. Current studies mainly focus on the different dimensions of destination brand personality under different cultural contexts. As for the process of how people perceive a specific destination brand personality, however, remains unclear. The present study follows the research paradigm of behavioral geography, and raises a theoretical analysis framework of destination brand personality perception by categorizing the key elements of brand personality perception and deconstructing the tourism space. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) from the span of time flow, the perception of destination personality could be separated into the wholesome perception before traveling and the concrete perception during on-site traveling. (2) From the space scale, destination brand personality is perceived via a tourism context and a more specific place.(3) From the perspective of deconstructing the place, there exists three dimensions for people to perceive destination brand personality, which are element functionality in the whole spatial layout, the existence of spatial elements and the characteristics of loci spirit respectively. Theoretically, this study contributes to the understanding of the whole perception process of destination brand personality. As for managerial implications, the study enlightens the destination marketing organizations to make good use of elements people rely on to perceive destination brand personality, and therefore, could cultivate vivid brand personality in the destination marketing operations.

In the information age, customer engagement has been drawing increasing attention from both the academia and the tourist industry, sparkling a new wave of discussions on this issue. However, there are still few empirical studies focusing on the specific factors influencing customer engagement. Taking tourism mobile platform as an example, this paper conducts an empirical analysis on the impact of demographic characteristics and behavioral characteristics on customer engagement (from the perspective of customer engagement behavior and the perspective of customer engagement motivation) to fill the gap. Applying a combination of factor analysis, independent sample t-test and single-factor analysis of variance and other quantitative methods, the data analysis shows that there are great differences in terms of the demographic characteristic variables of customer engagement behavior. The data analysis shows that female tourists, aged between 18 years old and 30 years old, with higher levels of education, demonstrate a higher level of customer engagement behavior; female tourists with higher levels of education also demonstrate stronger motivations in terms of customer engagement. The research also shows that age does not seem to affect motivations levels of customer engagement behavior in a significant way; behavioral characteristic variables (the frequency of travelling, the proficiency level and the time spent in travelling) all pose a significant influence on customer engagement behavior and customer engagement motivation. Finally, the article discusses the research results in greater details and puts forward some suggestions for tourism enterprises on how to build more effective tourism mobile platforms and improve the level of customer engagement.

Domestic large-scale activities have developed rapidly. Therefore, festival activities have become one of the fastest growing types of tourism. Visitors are the main participants in the festival. Therefore, understanding the festival attendees’ motivation is extremely important in the festival research, which affects many aspects such as the supply of products and services, the decision-making and the satisfaction of the attendees in the competitive festival market. This paper reviews the domestic and foreign scholars’ discussion on the motivations of tourists’ participation in the festival. Scholars mainly studied the festival motivational framework and the relationship between motivations and other variables. Analyzing the existing researches and the shortcomings of its existence contributes to the future research. This paper mainly discusses the motivations of tourists’ participation from four aspects: the basic theory and the research methods of participate motion, the dimension of festival motivation, the relationship between the motivation of the festival and its influencing factors.

The new era brings great opportunities to the development of rural tourism as well as new demands and challenges. Based on the observation of rural new phenomena, this study puts forward the key issues of rural tourism under the background of new era. The present paper, at first, respectively analyzes rural tourism operation mode in the digital economy from subjects’ digital poverty reduction and digital management of operation mode. Secondly, the paper explores rural tourism market development in the leisure economy from products innovation and market segmentation. Third, we discuss rural tourism entrepreneurship in the innovation economy from the entrepreneurial subject and opportunity, entrepreneurial form and effect, and entrepreneurial system and policy. Forth, we expound rural tourism poverty alleviation in the inclusive economy from the multi-dimensional poverty alleviation, comprehensive poverty alleviation area and co-construction of poverty alleviation paths. Fifth, we analyze the sustainable development of rural tourism in the green economy from the green production and green consumption. Then this paper points out that rural tourism need realize the transformation and integration of subjective and objective, the transformation and integration of resource view, and the transformation and innovation of institutional view. Finally, this paper puts forward an integrated framework of rural tourism. That is, rural tourism industry must rely on the supply and demand to promote each other, and pay attention to the supply and demand of rural tourism in the digital economy and leisure economy. The combination of supply and demand drives the innovation economy, so it is necessary to study the innovation and entrepreneurship of rural tourism. The innovation promotes the realization of poverty alleviation and sustainable development of rural tourism, and rural tourism poverty alleviation will eventually promote the overall sustainable development of rural tourism, thus we need to focus on problems of inclusive development and green development. This article is expected to promote the upgrading of rural tourism by deepening theoretical research and strengthening practice application.

Since the concept of “all-for-one tourism” was proposed, it has rapidly become a hot word in public sphere, and has been widely discussed in the circles of education, business and politics. In recent years, the research results have increased rapidly in quantity, while the application-oriented research were in the majority, and theoretical exploration was very rare. There is lacking of deeply thought and connotation definition about the concept of “all-for-one tourism” in the academia, which leads to generalization and blur boundary of the concept in the research process, invoking confusion in industrial practice.

Exploring the origin and evolution of the concept of “all-for-one tourism”, and reviewing correlational discussions and studies in the circles of education, business and politics through rational reflection, the author proposes that people should understand the concept and its connotation from multiple perspectives and subjects in this article. As an academic concept, development ideal and action strategy, it is still in a state of flux and negotiation in different dimensions and at multiple levels, so the meaning of “all-for-one tourism” should be reflected and improved academically. Based on various analyses, this research presents a fire-new view to understand the concept of “all-for-one tourism”. As a completely new idea of development, the value goal of “all-for-one tourism” should be returned to value rationality from instrumental rationality, and we should make development of tourism become both a powerful tool for improving life quality and happiness of tourists and local residents, and an important way to realize beautiful life for people.

It is needed to adjust local conditions in implementing “all-for-one tourism”. Cities and counties whose resource condition and industrial basis are excellent, are priority development areas of “all-for-one tourism”. It will be confronted with numerous difficulties and obstacles in implementation process, and therefore the crucial problems should be solved including tourist destination construction, institutional improvement, industry upgrading and human development.

Targeted poverty alleviation on rural tourism is always considered as one of poverty alleviation through industry development. It depends on external resources or capital to realize the poverty alleviation, disregard to the rural value itself, which causes targeted poverty alleviation to dissembled from the countryside and the industry could not take root with the poverty alleviation superficiality as a result. As a gene pool of farming civilization,the countryside is the basic space of targeted poverty alleviation on rural tourism. It plays an irreplaceable role in cultural value. The paper believed that the path totargeted poverty alleviationon rural tourism is to have the concept of sustainable livelihood, regard the rural value as background, set the culture protection, poverty alleviation, revenue sharing and space equality as goals and assistant with inner motive and external power, then the rural value may be embedded into targeted poverty alleviation, optimize the rural ecosystem, the embedding industry can be cultivated and the rural community will liven up combined with rural cultural form and rural spatial form. As a result, the countryside can rejuvenate itself.

UGC (User Generated Content), including the social network photos, has been widely adopted in tourism marketing and travel destination image (TDI) research. However, the analysis of large-scale UGC requires some computer technical support, which builds an apparent barrier for ordinary tourism researchers. This paper proposes and implements a general Photo-based Metadata Mining System, named PMMS, aiming to provide a general analysis platform for massive UGC photos. PMMS provides 4 functions to serve the tourism and travel research: (1) Point of Interest (POI) analysis; (2) tourists historical comparison; (3) tourists' movement analysis; and (4) destination image perception based on photos. In POI analysis, the geographic information embedded inside the photos’ metadata are extracted and visualized using some Arc GIS tools to achieve the distribution of the points of interest at the destination. In tourists’ historical comparison, photos are visualized through their taken time and geographic information, and then a time-line based tourism research could be analyzed using it. Also, as an important topic in tourism research, tourists’ movement analysis is frequently adopted in tourism planning and intelligent route design. Lastly, TDI perception is one of the most active topic in tourism research and is the basis of the destination marketing, and UGC photos provide a new dimension for TDI analysis. In this study, we take Rome, the capital of Italy, as a case study to illustrate the capabilities of PMMS in the tourism and travel research.

In recent years, the vicious events happened frequently because of tourism service enterprises lack of social responsibility. From the inside of the organization, the reasons can be attributed that leaders fail to undertake the social responsibility of the stakeholders, especially the employees. Based on the example of the travel agency, this paper discusses the relationship between the leadership social responsibility orientation and the performance of the frontline staff service, and further reveals the mechanism of the relationship between the social responsibility orientation and the frontier employee service performance through the intermediary role of the corporate culture. The results show that the leadership social responsibility orientation has a significant impact on the corporate culture and frontline staff service performance; the leading social responsibility orientation can influence the performance of frontline employee service through the intervening variable of corporate culture. The research enriches the theory of leading social responsibility which has a lot practical significance for the tourism service enterprises to build high quality corporate culture and enhance the performance of frontline staff service.

This paper reviews 53 articles of measurement scale development published in six tourism journals (i.e., Annals of Tourism Research,Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, Tourism Management, Tourism Science, and Tourism Tribune) between 1998 and 2017 to elucidate the developmental stages, topical areas and scale development process and statistical standards in the field of tourism studies. It is found that: (1) Studies on measurement scale development in tourism could be diachronically divided into two stages, namely the initial stage (1998-2007) and the quickly-developing stage (2008-2017). (2) The major research areas where measurement scales have been mostly developed are tourists (e.g., tourists’ perceptions, attitudes, and satisfaction), destination (e.g., destination image, brand equity, and sustainability), and residents (e.g., residents’ perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development, and host-guest interactions). (3) Regarding the process of measurement scale development, the commonly followed procedures are generation of scale items, data collection, and assessment of reliability and validity. However, some measurement scale development studies have not strictly followed the procedures in terms of specification of the domains of construct, purification of scale items, pilot data collection, explorative factor analysis, and confirmative factor analysis, to a varying extent. On the contrary, most of the analyzed articles have strictly followed the psychometric standards in measurement scale development and reported the statistical analysis results that justified the psychometric properties of the scales that were newly developed and/or validated. The findings derived from this paper are believed to be able to guide future measurement scale development studies in the field of tourism in terms of research topics, development procedures, and psychometric properties required.

Tourism, as a new type of comprehensive industry, not only plays a positive role on promoting the regional related industries, but also reflects the implementation degree of social equity in the regional economic and social development. Making a general survey of the history and reality of China’s tourism development, the social equity problem is always an annoyance which hinders the healthy and stable development of tourism industry in China. However, few academic studies have systematically discussed the social equity problem in tourism development. This article argues that the social inequities in tourism development are mainly implied as unfair tourism land resources consumption, unfair distribution of benefits to local residents, unfair pricing policy of tourist attractions as well as unfair tourism products development for special groups. The local governments in the poor areas intend to develop local economy through tourism development and thus to narrow the gap between regions, but in fact, because of the tourism resources in the development of predatory development, and unfair problems such as enclosure movement, the gap between rich and poor, urban and rural areas is experiencing widening trends. The reasons why social inequity is caused in tourism development can be attributed to three aspects, namely, discarded concept of citizens’ rights, fuzzy property system and the absence of government functions. Finally, the article points out that, to achieve social equity in China's tourism development, the existing social equity security system should be revised. Furthermore, a logic framework concerning various social equity dimensions should be constructed to guide the specific tourism development practice in China.