Three Decades of Festival Attendees’ Motivation Research: A Review

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.54

Abstract

Abstract:

Domestic large-scale activities have developed rapidly. Therefore, festival activities have become one of the fastest growing types of tourism. Visitors are the main participants in the festival. Therefore, understanding the festival attendees’ motivation is extremely important in the festival research, which affects many aspects such as the supply of products and services, the decision-making and the satisfaction of the attendees in the competitive festival market. This paper reviews the domestic and foreign scholars’ discussion on the motivations of tourists’ participation in the festival. Scholars mainly studied the festival motivational framework and the relationship between motivations and other variables. Analyzing the existing researches and the shortcomings of its existence contributes to the future research. This paper mainly discusses the motivations of tourists’ participation from four aspects: the basic theory and the research methods of participate motion, the dimension of festival motivation, the relationship between the motivation of the festival and its influencing factors.

Key words: domestic and foreign festival, attendees, participation motivation

摘要：

节事活动日益成为旅游发展中不可或缺的部分,而游客是节事活动的主要参与者,因此对节事活动参与者的动机研究是节事活动研究中的一个重要领域,影响到节事活动中产品和服务的供给、参与者的决策和满意度等诸多方面。本文首先回顾了国内外学者对节事活动游客参与动机的各方面论述,在剖析已有的国内外研究及其存在的不足后,主要从节事参与动机基础理论、研究方法、动机维度、节事动机与其他影响因素的关系等4方面进行了分析,并有针对性地对未来研究进行了展望。

关键词: 国内外节事活动, 游客, 参与动机

CLC Number:

Zhongwei XU, Bin HUANG. Three Decades of Festival Attendees’ Motivation Research: A Review[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2018, 2(1): 56-71.

许忠伟, 黄彬. 近30年国内外节事活动游客参与动机研究述评[J]. 旅游导刊, 2018, 2(1): 56-71.

Figures/Tables 3

References 62

[1]	Alexandris K, Tsorbatzoudis C, Grouios G.Perceived constraints on recreational sport participation: Investigating their relationship with intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2002, 34(3): 233~252.
[2]	Allen J, O’Toole W, McDonnell I, et al. Festival and Special Event Management[M]. 3rd ed. Milton, Queensland: John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[3]	Backman K F, Backman S J, Uysal M, et al.Event tourism: An examination of motivations and activities[J]. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1995, 3(1): 15~24.
[4]	Beh A, Bruyere B L.Segmentation by visitor motivation in three Kenyan national reserves[J]. Tourism Management, 2007, 28(6): 1464~1471.
[5]	Bowen H E, Daniels M J.Does the music matter? Motivations for attending a music festival[J]. Event Management, 2005, 9(3): 155~164.
[6]	Croes R, Lee S H.Women at a music festival: Biological sex defining motivation and behavioral intentions[J]. Event Management, 2015, 19(2): 275~289.
[7]	Crompton J L, Mckay S L.Motives of visitors attending festival events[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1997, 24(2): 425~439.
[8]	Crompton J L.Motivations for pleasure vacation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1979, 6(4): 408~424.
[9]	Dann G, Phillips J.Qualitative tourism research in the late twentieth century and beyond[A]. Faulkner B, Moscardo G, Laws E. Tourism in the Twenty-First Century: Reflections on Experience[C]. London: Continuum, 2001.
[10]	Deci E L, Ryan R M.Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior[M]. New York: Plenum, 1985.
[11]	Dewar K, Meyer D, Li W M.Harbin, lanterns of ice, sculptures of snow[J]. Tourism Management, 2001, 22(5): 523~532.
[12]	Earley P C, Singh H.International and intercultural management research: What’s next?[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1995, 38(2): 327~340.
[13]	Egres I, Kara F.Motives of tourists attending small-scale events: The case of three local festivals and events in Istanbul, Turkey[J]. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 2014, 14(2): 94~110.
[14]	Formica S, Uysal M.A market segmentation of festival visitors: Umbria Jazz festival in Italy[J]. Festival Management & Event Tourism, 1995, 3(4): 175~182.
[15]	Foster K, Robinson P.A critical analysis of the motivational factors that influence event attendance in family groups[J]. Event Management, 2010, 14(2): 107~125.
[16]	Getz D,Cheyne J.Special event motives and behavior[A]. The Tourist Experience[C]. London: Continuum, 2002: 137~155.
[17]	Getz D.The impacts of mega events on tourism: Strategies for destinations[A]. Cauthe 1998: Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research: Proceedings of the Eighth Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference[C]. Canberra, A.C.:Bureau of Tourism Research, 1998.
[18]	Hamarat B, Duran E.Festival attendees’ motivations: The case of international Troiafestival[J]. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2014, 5(2): 146~163.
[19]	Iso-Ahola S E. The social psychology of leisure and recreation[J]. Nutrition Journal, 2014, 46(1): 1~8.
[20]	Kim H, Borges M C, Chon J.Impacts of environmental values on tourism motivation: The case of FICA,Brazil[J]. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(5): 957~967.
[21]	Kim S S, Lee C K, Klenosky D B.The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks[J]. Tourism Management, 2003, 24(2): 169~180.
[22]	Kim Y H, Goh B K, Yuan J X.Development of a multi-dimensional scale for measuring food tourist motivations[J]. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 2010, 11(1): 56~71.
[23]	Lee C K, Lee Y K, Wicks B E.Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction[J]. Tourism Management, 2004, 25(1): 61~70.
[24]	Lee C K,Lee T H.World culture expo segment characteristics[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, 28(3): 812~816.
[25]	Lee C K.A comparative study of Caucasian and Asian visitors to a Cultural Expo in an Asian setting[J]. Tourism Management, 2000, 21(2): 169~176.
[26]	Li M M, Huang Z W, Cai L P.Benefit segmentation of visitors to a rural community-based festival[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2009, 26(5~6): 585~598.
[27]	Li M M,Zhang H Q,CaiL A. A subcultural analysis of tourism motivations[J]. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 2016, 40(1): 85~113.
[28]	Li X, Petrick J F.A review of festival and event motivation studies[J]. Event Management, 2006, 9(4): 239~245.
[29]	Matheson C M, Rimmer R, Tinsley R.Spiritual attitudes and visitor motivations at the Beltane fire festival, Edinburgh[J]. Tourism Management, 2014, 44(13): 16~33.
[30]	McDowall S. A comparison between Thai residents and non-residents in their motivations, performance evaluations, and overall satisfaction with a domestic festival[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2010, 16(3): 217~233.
[31]	Mohr K, Backman K F, Gahan L W, et al.An investigation of festival motivations and event satisfaction by visitor type[J]. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1993,1(3): 89~97.
[32]	Nicholson R E, Pearce D G.Why do people attend events: A comparative analysis of visitor motivations at four South Island events[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2001, 39(4): 449~460.
[33]	Nicholson R, Pearce D G.Who goes to events: A comparative analysis of the profile characteristics of visitors to four South Island events in New Zealand[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2000, 6(3): 236~253.
[34]	Prebensen N K, Woo E, Chen J S, et al.Motivation and involvement as antecedents of the perceived value of the destination experience[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2012, 52(2): 253~264.
[35]	Ralston L S, Hamilton J A.The application of systematic survey methods at open access special events and festivals[J]. Visions in Leisure and Business, 1992, 11(3): 18~24.
[36]	Ralston L, Crompton J L.Motivations, Service Quality and Economic Impact of Visitors to the 1987 Dickens on the Strand Emerging from a Mail-back Survey[R]. College Station, TX:Texas A & M University, 1988.
[37]	Schneider I E, Backman S J.Cross-cultural equivalence of festival motivations: A study in Jordan[J]. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1996, 4(3~4): 139~144.
[38]	Schofield P, Thompson K, Dickinson J, et al.Visitor motivation, satisfaction and behavioural intention: The 2005 Naadam Festival, Ulaanbaatar[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2007, 9(5): 329~344.
[39]	Scott D.A comparison of visitors’ motivations to attend three urban festivals[J]. Festival Management & Event Tourism, 1996, 3(3): 121~128.
[40]	Smith S, Costello C, Muenchen R A.Influence of push and pull motivations on satisfaction and behavioral intentions within a culinary tourism event[J]. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 2010,11(1): 17~35.
[41]	Thompson K, Schofield P.Segmenting and profiling visitors to the Ulaanbaatar Naadam festival by motivation[J]. Event Management, 2009, 13(1): 1~15.
[42]	Uysal M, Backman K, Backman R D,et al.Examination of event tourism motivations and activities[J]. New Horizons in Tourism and Hospitality Education,Training, and Research, 1991: 203~218.
[43]	Uysal M,Gahan L, Martin B.An examination of event motivations: A case study[J]. Festival Management &Event Tourism, 1993, 1(1): 5~10.
[44]	Yolal M,Cetinel F, Uysal M.An examination of festival motivation and perceived benefits relationship: Eskişehir international festival[J]. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 2009, 10(4): 276~291.
[45]	Yolal M, Woo E, Cetinel F, et al.Comparative research of motivations across different festival products[J]. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2012, 3(1): 66~80.
[46]	Yoon Y, Uysal M.An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model[J]. Tourism Management, 2005, 26(1): 45~56.
[47]	Yuan J J, Cai L A, Morrison A M, et al.An analysis of wine festival attendees’ motivations: A synergy of wine, travel and special events?[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2005, 11(1): 41~58.
[48]	陈楠,苗长虹. 节事举办地居民休闲制约、休闲动机与节事参与结构模型研究——以开封清明文化节为例[J]. 旅游论坛, 2015, 8(5): 19~25.
[49]	侯睿智. 地区性节庆旅游参与者动机、满意度及推荐意向间的关系[D]. 延吉:延边大学, 2012.
[50]	克里斯•库珀,约翰•弗莱彻,大卫•吉尔伯特,等. 旅游学——原理与实践[M]. 2版. 张俐俐,蔡利平,译. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2004: 6.
[51]	李伟,许忠伟,魏翔. 北京春节庙会游客动机研究[J]. 北京社会科学, 2011(1): 105.
[52]	凌寒,扎克•乔治. 好奇心取决于已知[J]. 世界科学, 2016(4): 19~22.
[53]	刘纯. 旅游心理学[M]. 2版. 北京:科学出版社, 2004: 73.
[54]	龙涛,张延平. 大型节事中志愿者参与动机的实证研究——以2010年上海世界博览会为例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2011, 26(4): 66~72.
[55]	王洋,张建涛,陈珂,等. 大型节事志愿者动机对满意度及行为意向的影响——以十二运高校志愿者为例[J]. 江苏商论, 2015(9): 43~47.
[56]	杨会娟,蔡君. 观光采摘节游客动机以及满意度研究——以北京通州葡萄采摘节为例[J]. 四川林勘设计, 2007(3): 28~31.
[57]	于静娜. 大型节事参与者旅游动机研究——以潍坊国际风筝节为例[D]. 杭州:浙江工商大学, 2013.
[58]	余青,吴必虎,殷平,等. 中国城市节事活动的开发与管理[J]. 地理研究, 2004, 23(6): 845~855.
[59]	约翰•斯沃布鲁克,苏珊•霍纳. 旅游消费者行为学[M]. 俞慧君,张鸥,漆小燕,译. 北京:电子工业出版社, 2004: 9.
[60]	张宏梅,陆林. 近10年国外旅游动机研究综述[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2005, 24(2): 60~64, 69.
[61]	张洁. 高校志愿者参与大型节事的动机研究——以2009世界集邮展览为例[J].旅游研究, 2010,2(2): 81~87.
[62]	朱诗荟,姜洪涛. 节事活动参与者的动机研究——以中国南京国际梅花节为例[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2012(11): 29,66~72.

动机维度	文献
社交	Ralston等（1988）;Uysal 等（1991）;Backman 等（1995）;Schofield 等（1995）;Schneider 等（1996）;Crompton 等（1997）;Nicholson 等（2001;2004）;Lee等（2004）;Li 等（2007）;Thompson 等（2009）
家人团聚		Ralston 等（1988）;Uysal 等（1991;1993）;Mohr（1993）;Backman 等（1995）;Formica 等（1995）;Schneider 等（1996）;Dewar 等（2001）;Lee 等（2004）;Li 等（2009）;Yolal 等（2009）
逃离	Ralston 等（1988）;Uysal 等（1993）;Mohr 等（1993）;Schneider 等（1996）;Dewar 等（2001）;Nicholson 等（2001;2004）;Lee 等（2004）;Li 等（2007）;Yolal 等（2009）
猎奇		Mohr 等（1993）;Uysal 等（1993）;Formica 等（1995）;Crompton 等（1997）;Dewar 等（2001）;Nicholson 等（2001;2004）;Lee 等（2004）;Yolal 等（2009）
刺激	Uysal 等（1991;1993）;Mohr（1993）;Backman 等（1995）;Formica 等（1995）;Schneider 等（1996）;Dewar 等（2001）;Li 等（2007）;Yolal 等（2009）
文化探索		Formica 等（1995）;Schofield 等（1995）;Crompton 等（1997）;Lee 等（2000）;Dewar 等（2001）;Lee 等（2004）

动机维度	文献
社交	Ralston等（1988）;Uysal 等（1991）;Backman 等（1995）;Schofield 等（1995）;Schneider 等（1996）;Crompton 等（1997）;Nicholson 等（2001;2004）;Lee等（2004）;Li 等（2007）;Thompson 等（2009）
家人团聚		Ralston 等（1988）;Uysal 等（1991;1993）;Mohr（1993）;Backman 等（1995）;Formica 等（1995）;Schneider 等（1996）;Dewar 等（2001）;Lee 等（2004）;Li 等（2009）;Yolal 等（2009）
逃离	Ralston 等（1988）;Uysal 等（1993）;Mohr 等（1993）;Schneider 等（1996）;Dewar 等（2001）;Nicholson 等（2001;2004）;Lee 等（2004）;Li 等（2007）;Yolal 等（2009）
猎奇		Mohr 等（1993）;Uysal 等（1993）;Formica 等（1995）;Crompton 等（1997）;Dewar 等（2001）;Nicholson 等（2001;2004）;Lee 等（2004）;Yolal 等（2009）
刺激	Uysal 等（1991;1993）;Mohr（1993）;Backman 等（1995）;Formica 等（1995）;Schneider 等（1996）;Dewar 等（2001）;Li 等（2007）;Yolal 等（2009）
文化探索		Formica 等（1995）;Schofield 等（1995）;Crompton 等（1997）;Lee 等（2000）;Dewar 等（2001）;Lee 等（2004）

动机维度	人口统计特征对不同动机的影响
社交	年长者（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;于静娜,2013）;低收入（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995;Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）;已婚和男性（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）
家人团聚		年长者（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;李伟、许忠伟、魏翔,2011）;高收入（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）;已婚（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995;Yuan,Cai & Morrison,et al.,2005）;女性（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;李伟、许忠伟、魏翔,2011）;高学历（Ralston & Crompton,1988）
动机维度			人口统计特征对不同动机的影响
逃离	年轻的（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995;Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;Yuan,Cai & Morrison,et al.,2005;Kim,Borges & Chon,2006）;低收入（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）;未婚和高学历（Ralston & Crompton,1988）
猎奇			年轻的（Ralston & Crompton,1988）;低收入（李伟、许忠伟、魏翔,2011）;未婚（朱诗荟、姜洪涛,2012）
刺激		年长者和已婚（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995）
文化探索	年长者（Schofield,Thompson & Dickinson,et al.,2007）;高收入（Lee & Lee,2001;Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）

动机维度	人口统计特征对不同动机的影响
社交	年长者（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;于静娜,2013）;低收入（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995;Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）;已婚和男性（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）
家人团聚		年长者（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;李伟、许忠伟、魏翔,2011）;高收入（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）;已婚（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995;Yuan,Cai & Morrison,et al.,2005）;女性（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;李伟、许忠伟、魏翔,2011）;高学历（Ralston & Crompton,1988）
动机维度			人口统计特征对不同动机的影响
逃离	年轻的（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995;Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003;Yuan,Cai & Morrison,et al.,2005;Kim,Borges & Chon,2006）;低收入（Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）;未婚和高学历（Ralston & Crompton,1988）
猎奇			年轻的（Ralston & Crompton,1988）;低收入（李伟、许忠伟、魏翔,2011）;未婚（朱诗荟、姜洪涛,2012）
刺激		年长者和已婚（Backman,Backman & Uysal,et al.,1995）
文化探索	年长者（Schofield,Thompson & Dickinson,et al.,2007）;高收入（Lee & Lee,2001;Kim,Lee & Klenosky,2003）

节事活动类型	动机维度
节日	社交（Mohr,Backman & Gahan et al.,1993;Dewar,Meyer & Li,2001;McDowall,2010）、寻求刺激（Mohr,Backman & Gahan,et al.,1993;Crompton & Mckay,1997;Hamarat & Duran,2014）、猎奇（Dewar,Meyer & Li,2001;Yuan,Cai & Morrison,et al.,2005;）、文化探索（Mohr,Backman & Gahan,et al.,1993）、放松（李伟、许忠伟、魏翔,2011）、逃离（Uysa,Gahan & Martin,1993;Matheson,Rimmer & Tinsley,2014）
文化活动		文化探索（Crompton & Mckay,1997;Bowen & Daniels,2005;Schofield,Thompson & Dickinson,et al.,2007;Kim,Goh & Yuan,2010）
博览会			文化探索（Lee & Lee,2001;Schofield,Thompson & Dickinson,et al.,2007）、社交（Schofield,Thompson & Dickinson,et al.,2007）、学习（龙涛、张延平,2010）
庆典	社交（Yuan,Cai & Morrison,et al.,2005）