Maximizing the Heritage Value of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics: Research Questions and A Theoretical Framework

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.202

Abstract

Abstract:

Combining a theoretical perspective on “Media Event” with the theory of “sports event leverage”, this paper constructs a theoretical framework to explore how to maximize the value of the sports heritage of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. The framework aims to explore how the heritage value of the Winter Olympics enhances the well-being of people. This study is designed with regard to both intangible heritage and the material heritage of the Winter Olympics. It proposes that: (1) the value of sports event heritage does not pre-exist, nor does it have natural spontaneity and automaticity, but it can be stimulated and realized through early-stage planning, design, and evaluation; (2) “people” are the constructors, users, value evaluators, and beneficiaries of the heritage of the Winter Olympics, and regarded as the main focus of research on the Olympic heritage. This makes it possible to open the current black box of heritage research, and helps to pave the way for the active regulation of heritage; (3) the theoretical framework of “Media Event” and athletic “event leverage” can provide a better theoretical horizon for research into the maximization of the heritage value of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, thus promoting dynamic research on the heritage of the Winter Olympics and its value.

Key words: Beijing Winter Olympics, sports event heritage, Media Event, Leveraging Theory

摘要：

本文融合媒介事件和赛事杠杆理论视角,构建了一个探索北京2022年冬奥会赛事遗产价值最大化问题的理论框架。该框架将北京2022年冬奥会赛事遗产价值对主体“人”的福祉的提升作为重要的研究命题,分别从北京2022年冬奥会遗产客体的非物质遗产与物质遗产两个维度展开研究内容的设计。本研究提出：（1）北京2022年冬奥会及其遗产价值并不具备自然的自生性、自发性与自动性,但通过前期的规划、设计与评估工作,可对其价值的激发实现预先性的生产和主动式的建构;（2）“人”是北京2022年冬奥会遗产的建构者、使用者、价值评判者、受益者,将“人”作为赛事遗产问题研究的主线与核心,可以打开目前遗产研究“黑箱”,发现主动调控遗产问题的路径;（3）媒介事件与赛事杠杆理论分析框架的建立,可为北京2022年冬奥会遗产价值最大化的问题研究提供较好的理论视域,进而实现对北京2022年冬奥会遗产及其价值的主动与动态探索。

关键词: 北京冬奥会, 赛事遗产, 媒介事件, 杠杆理论

CLC Number:

LUO Qiuju, GUO Yunjiao. Maximizing the Heritage Value of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics: Research Questions and A Theoretical Framework[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2022, 6(3): 1-18.

罗秋菊, 郭云娇. 北京2022年冬奥会赛事遗产价值发挥：研究问题与理论框架构建[J]. 旅游导刊, 2022, 6(3): 1-18.

Figures/Tables 2

References 47

[1]	Boorstin D J. The Image:A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America[M]. New York: Harper Colophon, 1964:251-252.
[2]	Chalip L. Beyond impact:A general model for sport event leverage[M]// Ritchie B W,Ritchie D. Sport Tourism:Interrelationships,Impacts and Issues. Clevedon:Channel View Publications, 2004:226-252.
[3]	Chalip L. Towards social leverage of sport events[J]. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 2006, 11(2):109-127.
[4]	Chalip L, Green B C, Hill B. Effects of sport event media on destination image and intention to visit[J]. Journal of Sport Management, 2003, 17(3):214-234.
[5]	Chalip L, Leyns A. Local business leveraging of a sport event:Managing an event for economic benefit[J]. Journal of Sport Management, 2002, 16(2):132-158.
[6]	Daniels M J, Norman W C, Henry M S. Estimating income effects of a sport tourism event[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(1):180-199.
[7]	Davis J, Thornley A. Urban regeneration for the London 2012 Olympics:Issues of land acquisition and legacy[J]. City,Culture and Society,2010, 1(2):89-98.
[8]	Dayan D, Katz E. Media Events:The Live Broadcasting of History[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.
[9]	de Menezes T R, de Souza J F. Transportation and urban mobility in mega-events:The case of Recife[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014(162):218-227.
[10]	Essex S, Chalkley B. Olympic Games:Catalyst of urban change[J]. Leisure Studies, 1998, 17(3):187-206.
[11]	Essex S, Chalkley B. Gaining world city status through staging the Olympic Games[J]. Geodate, 2004(17):7-11.
[12]	Getz D. Event Management & Event Tourism[M]. Elmsford: Cognizant Communication, 1997:47.
[13]	Gold J R, Gold M M. Olympic Cities:City Agendas,Planning,and the World’s Games,1896—2020[M].3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2016:102-107.
[14]	Gratton C, Preuss H. Maximizing Olympic impacts by building up legacies[J]. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 2008, 25(14):1922-1938.
[15]	Hiller H H. Mega-events,urban boosterism and growth strategies:An analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic bid[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2000, 24(2):449-458.
[16]	Jones C. Mega-events and host-region impacts:Determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2001, 3(3):241-251.
[17]	Kellett P, Hede A M, Chalip L. Social policy for sport events:Leveraging(relationships with)teams from other nations for community benefit[J]. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2008, 8(2):101-121.
[18]	Lindau L A, Petzhold G, Tavares V B, et al. Mega events and the transformation of Rio de Janeiro into a mass-transit city[J]. Research in Transportation Economics, 2016(59):196-203.
[19]	Misener L. Leveraging parasport events for community participation:Development of a theoretical framework[J]. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2015, 15(1):132-153.
[20]	Nunkoo R, Ribeiro M A, Sunnassee V, et al. Public trust in mega event planning institutions:The role of knowledge,transparency and corruption[J]. Tourism Management, 2018(66):155-166.
[21]	O’Brien D. Event business leveraging the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006, 33(1):240-261.
[22]	O’Brien D, Chalip L. Executive training exercise in sport event leverage[J]. International Journal of Culture,Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2007, 1(4):296-304.
[23]	Olsen D H, Timothy D J. Contested religious heritage:Differing views of Mormon heritage[J]. Tourism Recreation Research, 2002, 27(2):7-15.
[24]	Peachey J W, Borland J, Lobpries J, et al. Managing impact:Leveraging sacred spaces and community celebration to maximize social capital at a sport-for-development event[J]. Sport Management Review, 2015, 18(1):86-98.
[25]	Potwarka L R, Snelgrove R, Drewery D, et al. From intention to participation:Exploring the moderating role of a voucher-based event leveraging initiative[J]. Sport Management Review, 2020, 23(2):302-314.
[26]	Preuss H. The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies[J]. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 2007, 12(3-4):207-228.
[27]	Sterken E. Growth impact of major sporting events[J]. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2006, 6(4):375-389.
[28]	Thomson A, Schlenker K, Schulenkorf N. Conceptualizing sport event legacy[J]. Event Management, 2013, 17(2):111-122.
[29]	Timothy D J, Boyd S W. Heritage Tourism[M]. New York: Pearson Education, 2003:25.
[30]	Walker M, Kaplanidou K, Gibson H, et al. “Win in Africa,with Africa”:Social responsibility,event image,and destination benefits:The case of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa[J]. Tourism Management, 2013(34):80-90.
[31]	Weed M, Coren E, Fiore J, et al. The Olympic Games and raising sport participation:A systematic review of evidence and an interrogation of policy for a demonstration effect[J]. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2015, 15(2):195-226.
[32]	保继刚, 李郇. “借口”:中国城市资本高度集聚的政治经济学分析框架[J]. 人文地理, 2012, 27(4):1-8.
	[ BAO Jigang, LI Xun. “Excuses”:A political economic analysis of the high concentration of capital in urban China[J]. Human Geography, 2012, 27(4):1-8.]
[33]	董杰. 中国举办大型体育赛事存在的主要问题、原因与对策[J]. 体育与科学, 2012, 33(3):42-51.
	[ DONG Jie. Existing mainly problems,reasons and countermeasures about China host mega sport events[J]. Journal of Sports and Science, 2012, 33(3):42-51.]
[34]	董天策, 郭毅, 梁辰曦, 等. “媒介事件”的概念建构及其流变[J]. 新闻与传播研究, 2017, 24(10):103-119.
	[ DONG Tiance, GUO Yi, LIANG Chenxi, et al. The concept construction and evolution of “media event”[J]. Journalism & Communication, 2017, 24(10):103-119.]
[35]	董一平, 侯斌超. 工业遗存的“遗产化过程”思考[J]. 新建筑, 2014(4):40-44.
	[ DONG Yiping, HOU Binchao. From remains to heritage:Reflections on the process of becoming an industrial heritage[J]. New Architecture, 2014(4):40-44.]
[36]	李凯. 全球性媒介事件与国家形象的建构和传播——奥运的视角[D]. 上海: 复旦大学, 2005.
	[ LI Kai. Global Media Events and Establishment & Communication of National Image:With Olympic Games as Angle of View[D]. Shanghai: Fudan University, 2005.]
[37]	李世豪, 闫金. 非主办城市体育赛事赛前训练中杠杆策略研究——以2018年黄金海岸联邦运动会为例[J]. 山东体育科技, 2018, 40(5):50-54.
	[ LI Shihao, YAN Jin. Leverage strategy in pre-competition training of major sports events in non-host cities:A case study of the 2018 Gold Coast Federation Games[J]. Shandong Sports Science & Technology, 2018, 40(5):50-54.]
[38]	李晓莉. 大型体育赛事中旅游杠杆效益的发挥[J]. 旅游学刊, 2009, 24(1):11-12.
	[ LI Xiaoli. Exertion of tourism leverage benefits in mega sports events[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2009, 24(1):11-12.]
[39]	李学东, 白银龙. 我国大型综合体育赛事经济效益分析[J]. 体育文化导刊, 2015(5):131-134.
	[ LI Xuedong, BAI Yinlong. Economic benefit analysis of mega sports events in China[J]. Sports Culture Guide, 2015(5):131-134.]
[40]	罗秋菊, 卢相宇. 大型体育事件游客消费经济影响实证研究——以第16届广州亚运会为例[J]. 体育科学, 2011, 31(9):3-18,50.
	[ LUO Qiuju, LU Xiangyu. Economic impact assessment of mega sports event from the perspective of visitors’ expenditure:Taking Guangzhou Asian Games as an example[J]. China Sport Science, 2011, 31(9):3-18,50.]
[41]	吴瑛, 黄天依. 构建政治认同:作为媒介事件的重大国际会议角色研究[J]. 新闻大学, 2018, 152(6):9-17,146-147.
	[ WU Ying, HUANG Tianyi. Constructing political identitication:A study of major international conferences as media events[J]. Journalism Bimonthly, 2018, 152(6):9-17,146-147.]
[42]	余守文. 体育赛事产业对城市竞争力的影响[D]. 上海: 复旦大学, 2007.
	[ YU Shouwen. The Impact of Sports Events Industry on Competitive Advantage of a City[D]. Shanghai: Fudan University, 2007.]
[43]	张朝枝. 原真性理解:旅游与遗产保护视角的演变与差异[J]. 旅游科学, 2008, 22(1):1-8.
	[ ZHANG Chaozhi. Authenticity understanding:Between tourism and heritage perspective differences[J]. Tourism Science, 2008, 22(1):1-8.]
[44]	张朝枝, 李文静. 遗产旅游研究:从遗产地的旅游到遗产旅游[J]. 旅游科学, 2016, 30(1):37-47.
	[ ZHANG Chaozhi, LI Wenjing. Heritage tourism research:From tourismin heritage sites to heritage tourism[J]. Tourism Science, 2016, 30(1):37-47.]
[45]	张京祥, 殷洁, 罗震东. 地域大事件营销效应的城市增长机器分析——以南京奥体新城为例[J]. 经济地理, 2007, 27(3):452-457.
	[ ZHANG Jingxiang, YIN Jie, LUO Zhendong. Analysis of urban growth manchine based on great event marketing:Case study of Nanjing new Olympic city[J]. Economic Geography, 2007, 27(3):452-457.]
[46]	张璐, 王兆红. 中小型城市选择体育赛事的策略研究[J]. 山东体育科技, 2010, 32(2):50-53.
	[ ZHANG Lu, WANG Zhaohong. Selection strategy of sports events in small and medium-sized town and cities[J]. Shandong Sports Science & Technology, 2010, 32(2):50-53.]
[47]	周小凤, 张朝枝. 元阳哈尼梯田遗产化与旅游化的关系演变与互动机制[J]. 人文地理, 2019, 34(3):154-160.
	[ ZHOU Xiaofeng, ZHANG Chaozhi. The relation and interaction mechanism between heritagization and tourismification in Hani terraces of Yuanyang[J]. Human Geography, 2019, 34(3):154-160.]