民族传统村落村民文化适应的维度研究——基于黔东南三个侗族村寨的实证研究

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.84

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文以贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州3个侗族传统村落的526位村民为调查对象,利用SL-ASIA量表检测他们的文化适应情况。研究把村民随机分成人数大致相等的两组相对独立样本,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析在SL-ASIA问项测量下发现了黔东南侗族村寨原住民的文化适应具有民族认同、社会交往交流、日常生活行为3个维度。从3个维度的均值可以初步判定尽管侗族村寨原住民在日常生活行为中受现代化节奏影响明显,但其内里的族群认同依然很强,侗语作为母语的使用场合和使用频率都很高,村民普遍人际交往圈子较窄,是典型的熟人社会。

关键词: 文化适应; 民族传统村落; 社区居民; 文化适应维度

Abstract:

The purpose of this paper is to develop a multidimensional acculturation in the context of the development of ethnic traditional villages. Based on acculturation theory, the study selected 526 residents who were all from the three typical villages of Dong minority in the southeast of Guizhou. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to the responses of two respective independent samples of native in villages on the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA). Three correlated dimensions were found to underlie SL-ASIA items, namely ethnic identity, social communication and conducts of daily life. This paper not only verifies the validity of the SL-AISA scale in Chinese context, but also finds that although the SL-AISA scale is a single linear model, it is indeed multidimensional. As indicated by the empirical findings of this research, individuals can experience more than one culture at the same time. Residents in the dimension of social communication and ethnic identity are more manifested as Dong culture-oriented biculturalism, while residents in the dimension of daily life behavior are more manifested as true biculturalism. From the average of the three dimensions, it can be preliminarily determined that although the "Coca-Cola" phenomenon in the daily life behavior of the Dong minority is more obvious, however, the ethnic identity is still very strong. The percentage of use of the Dong language as a mother tongue is very high. The villagers have a narrow circle of interpersonal relationships and are deeply embedded in the small groups of the villagers' society. It is a typical society of acquaintances. Ethnic traditional village managers should know the acculturation status of local residents and on this basis help residents adapt to cultural changes and motivate their supportive behaviour for development, thus exploring a way for numerous ethnic villages to effectively improve the life quality and solve the livelihood issues of local residents, meanwhile to truly safeguard the ethnic dignity of individuals and protect unique cultural heritages.

Keywords: acculturation; ethnic traditional villages; community residents; dimensions of acculturation

中图分类号:

范莉娜. 民族传统村落村民文化适应的维度研究——基于黔东南三个侗族村寨的实证研究[J]. 旅游导刊, 2018, 2(6): 47-62.

Lina FAN. Dimensions of Acculturation for Native in Ethnic Traditional Villages: An Empirical Study based on Three Dong Villages in Southeast Guizhou[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2018, 2(6): 47-62.

图/表 6

参考文献 39

[1]	Archibald C, Rhodd R.A measure of acculturation for Afro-Caribbean youth[J]. The ABNF Journal, 2013, 24(2): 42~46.
[2]	Becker A E, Fay K, Agnew-Blais J, et al.Development of a measure of “Acculturation” for ethnic Fijians: Methodologic and conceptual considerations for application to eating disorders research[J]. Transcultural Psychiatry, 2010, 47(5): 754~788.
[3]	Berno T.When a guest is a guest: Cook Islanders view tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999, 26(3): 656~675.
[4]	Berry J W.Acculturation as varieties of adaptation[M]//A Padilla(Ed.). Acculturation:Theory,Models and Findings. Boulder:Westview,1980:9~26.
[5]	Berry J W.Conceptual approaches to acculturation[C]// Chun K M, Organista P B, Marín G. Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2003: 17~37.
[6]	Berry J W, Trimble J E, Olmedo E L.Assessment of acculturation[M]// Lonner W J, Berry J W. Field Methods in Cross-Cultural Research. London: Sage, 1986: 291~324.
[7]	Cheng A T, Hsu M.Development of a new scale for measuring acculturation: The Taiwan Aboriginal Acculturation Scale (TAAS)[J]. Psychological Medicine, 1995, 25(6): 1281~1287.
[8]	Choney S K, Berryhill-Paapke E, Robbins R R.The acculturation of American Indians: Developing frameworks for research and practice[M]// Ponterotto J G, Casas J M, Suzuki L A, et al. Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995: 73~92.
[9]	Cuellar I, Harris L C, Jasso R.An acculturation scale for Mexican American normal and clinical populations[J]. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1980, 2(3): 199~217.
[10]	Dao T K, Teten A L, Nguyen Q.Linear and orthogonal models of acculturation and its relations to cultural variables: An examination of the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA)[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2011, 35(1): 61~68.
[11]	Deng J Y, Walker G J.Chinese acculturation measurement[J]. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 2007, 39(1-2): 187~217.
[12]	Duran E.Healing the Soul Wound: Counseling with American Indians and Other Native Peoples[M]. New York, NY: Teachers College Press, 2006: 57.
[13]	Ecklund T R.The relationship between psychosocial development and acculturation among American Indian college students[D]. Buffalo: SUNY Buffalo, 2005: 36~38.
[14]	Flannery W P, Reise S P, Yu J J.An empirical comparison of acculturation models[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001, 27(8): 1035~1045.
[15]	Garrett M T, Pichette E F.Red as an apple: Native American acculturation and counseling with or without reservation[J]. Journal of Counseling & Development, 2000, 78(1): 3~13.
[16]	Graves T D.Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community[J]. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 1967, 23(4): 337~350.
[17]	Kim B S K, Abreu J M. Acculturation measurement: Theory, current instruments, and future directions[M]// Ponterotto J G, Casas J M, Suzuki L A, et al. Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001: 394~424.
[18]	Kodama K, Canetto S S.Reliability and validity of the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation Scale with Japanese temporary residents[J]. Psychologia, 1995(38): 17~21.
[19]	Landrine H, Klonoff E A.The African American acculturation scale: Development, reliability, and validity[J]. Journal of Black Psychology, 1994, 20(2): 104~127.
[20]	Lerman D, Maldonado R, Luna D.A theory-based measure of acculturation: The shortened cultural life style inventory[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2009, 62(4): 399~406.
[21]	Liou G B.Ecotourism cultural impact analysis[D]. Michigan: Michigan State University, 2013.
[22]	Matsudaira T.Measures of psychological acculturation: A review[J]. Transcultural Psychiatry, 2006, 43(3): 462~487.
[23]	Reynolds A L, Ecklund T R, Terrance D.Race related stress, academic motivation, cultural congruity, acculturation, and resilience of American Indian students[Z]. Unpublished manuscript, 2011.
[24]	Reynolds A L, Sodano S M, Ecklund T R, et al.Dimensions of acculturation in native American college students[J]. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 2012, 45(2): 101~112.
[25]	Rudmin F.Constructs, measurements and models of acculturation and acculturative stress[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2009, 33(2): 106~123.
[26]	Sam D L, Berry J W.The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 56~64.
[27]	Satorra A, Bentler P M.Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis[M]// von Eye A, Clogg C C. Latent Variables Analysis: Applications for Developmental Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994: 399~419.
[28]	Schwartz S J, Unger J B, Zamboanga B L, et al.Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research[J]. American Psychologist, 2010, 65(4): 237~251.
[29]	Suinn R M, Rickard-Figueroa K, Lew S, et al.The Suinn-Lew Asian self-identity acculturation scale: An initial report[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1987, 47(2): 401~407.
[30]	Tsai J L, Chentsova-Dutton Y, Wong Y.Why and how researchers should study ethnic identity, acculturation, and cultural orientation[M]// Hall G C N, Okazaki S O. Asian American Psychology: The Science of Lives in Context. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2002: 41~65.
[31]	Zimmerman M A, Ramirez-Valles J, Washienko K M, et al.The development of a measure of enculturation for Native American youth[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1996, 24(2): 295~310.
[32]	彼得?史密斯, 彭迈克, 齐丹?库查巴莎. 跨文化社会心理学[M]. 严文华, 权大勇, 译. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2009: 44~48.
[33]	范莉娜. 民族旅游地居民分类及支持行为的比较研究[J]. 旅游学刊, 2017, 32(7): 108~118.
[34]	马庆国. 管理统计:数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具与应用研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2002: 25~45.
[35]	荣泰生. AMOS与研究方法[M]. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2010: 145~147.
[36]	王挺. 黎族的文化适应: 特征、影响因素及理论模式[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2013.
[37]	王毅. 文化适应对少数民族大学生的心理影响及对策研究[J]. 改革与开放, 2011(10): 193~195.
[38]	杨宝琰, 万明钢. 文化适应:理论及测量与研究方法[J]. 世界民族, 2010(4): 1~9.
[39]	张劲梅, 张庆林. 多维文化适应模型与国外族群关系研究[J]. 广西民族研究, 2008(4): 82~87.

调查项目	类别	样本数	比例（%）	调查项目	类别	样本数	比例（%）
性别	男	297	56.5	家庭年收入（元）	10 000及以下	290	55.1
性别	女	229	43.5		10 001~40 000	168	31.9
年龄	18岁及以下	91	17.3		40 001~70 000	47	8.9
	19~30岁	181	34.4		70 001~100 000	12	2.3
	31~40岁	88	16.7		100 000以上	9	1.8
	41~50岁	83	15.8	样本	样本一	263	50
	51~60岁	36	6.8		样本二	263	50
	61岁及以上	47	9.0
受教育程度	小学及以下	200	38.1	居住地	黎平肇兴侗寨	221	42.1
	初中	205	38.9	居住地	黎平黄岗侗寨	156	29.8
	高中（含中专、中技）	85	16.2		从江小黄侗寨	149	28.1
	高中（含中专、中技）	85	16.2			大学（含大专）及以上	36	6.8

调查项目	类别	样本数	比例（%）	调查项目	类别	样本数	比例（%）
性别	男	297	56.5	家庭年收入（元）	10 000及以下	290	55.1
性别	女	229	43.5		10 001~40 000	168	31.9
年龄	18岁及以下	91	17.3		40 001~70 000	47	8.9
	19~30岁	181	34.4		70 001~100 000	12	2.3
	31~40岁	88	16.7		100 000以上	9	1.8
	41~50岁	83	15.8	样本	样本一	263	50
	51~60岁	36	6.8		样本二	263	50
	61岁及以上	47	9.0
受教育程度	小学及以下	200	38.1	居住地	黎平肇兴侗寨	221	42.1
	初中	205	38.9	居住地	黎平黄岗侗寨	156	29.8
	高中（含中专、中技）	85	16.2		从江小黄侗寨	149	28.1
	高中（含中专、中技）	85	16.2			大学（含大专）及以上	36	6.8

问项编码		系数
问项编码	问项描述	因子1	因子2	因子3	M	SD	h²	Cronbach’α 系数
ACC2	相信并认可的价值观	—0.012	—0.076	0.796	1.67	0.761	0.640	0.701
ACC1	对自己身份的认定	—0.059	0.091	0.721	1.48	0.730	0.531
ACC3	民族自豪感	—0.042	0.069	0.717	1.73	0.819	0.520
ACC4	对文化的熟悉	—0.129	0.247	0.443	2.31	0.891	0.256
ACC6	朋友族群偏好	0.809	0.048	0.015	1.54	0.872	0.656	0.746
ACC8	在家时使用的语言	0.732	—0.149	0.021	1.27	0.547	0.559
ACC10	更偏好说的语言	0.662	0.389	—0.132	1.93	0.826	0.607
ACC7	语言的熟悉程度	0.611	0.308	—0.240	2.07	0.656	0.525
ACC15	现在的朋友族群	0.600	0.048	—0.076	1.46	0.615	0.368
ACC9	思考时使用的语言	0.582	0.306	—0.153	1.89	0.931	0.245
ACC5	庆祝的节日	0.498	0.275	0.035	1.84	0.796	0.368
ACC14	服饰偏好	—0.076	0.769	0.080	3.12	1.040	0.603	0.735
ACC12	食物偏好	0.111	0.682	0.062	2.46	0.944	0.482
ACC11	音乐偏好	0.309	0.659	0.073	2.42	1.011	0.534
ACC13	看电视语言偏好	0.036	0.655	0.085	3.54	1.072	0.437
总方差解释比例（%） 51.830%
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin（KMO）样本充分性检测*=0.758;Barlett’s球体检验的统计值=0.000

问项编码		系数
问项编码	问项描述	因子1	因子2	因子3	M	SD	h²	Cronbach’α 系数
ACC2	相信并认可的价值观	—0.012	—0.076	0.796	1.67	0.761	0.640	0.701
ACC1	对自己身份的认定	—0.059	0.091	0.721	1.48	0.730	0.531
ACC3	民族自豪感	—0.042	0.069	0.717	1.73	0.819	0.520
ACC4	对文化的熟悉	—0.129	0.247	0.443	2.31	0.891	0.256
ACC6	朋友族群偏好	0.809	0.048	0.015	1.54	0.872	0.656	0.746
ACC8	在家时使用的语言	0.732	—0.149	0.021	1.27	0.547	0.559
ACC10	更偏好说的语言	0.662	0.389	—0.132	1.93	0.826	0.607
ACC7	语言的熟悉程度	0.611	0.308	—0.240	2.07	0.656	0.525
ACC15	现在的朋友族群	0.600	0.048	—0.076	1.46	0.615	0.368
ACC9	思考时使用的语言	0.582	0.306	—0.153	1.89	0.931	0.245
ACC5	庆祝的节日	0.498	0.275	0.035	1.84	0.796	0.368
ACC14	服饰偏好	—0.076	0.769	0.080	3.12	1.040	0.603	0.735
ACC12	食物偏好	0.111	0.682	0.062	2.46	0.944	0.482
ACC11	音乐偏好	0.309	0.659	0.073	2.42	1.011	0.534
ACC13	看电视语言偏好	0.036	0.655	0.085	3.54	1.072	0.437
总方差解释比例（%） 51.830%
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin（KMO）样本充分性检测*=0.758;Barlett’s球体检验的统计值=0.000

	x	s	民族认同	社会交往交流	日常生活行为	Cronbach’α系数
民族认同	1.63	0.590	1.00			0.701
社会交往交流	1.65	0.503	0.152*	1.00		0.746
日常生活行为	2.88	0.730	0.133*	0.287**	1.00	0.735