中国旅行社业经营效率测度及营商环境的影响研究

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.166

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

科学测度旅行社业经营效率和量化分析其营商环境因素的影响效应,对科学指导旅行社业优质高效发展具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。本文利用随机前沿分析法测度2001—2015年我国省际层面旅行社业经营效率,并实证检验了旅游化、国际化、法治化和市场化等重要营商环境因素的影响效应。研究结果表明,观察期内我国旅行社业经营效率总体水平偏低,大致呈现“间歇波动、缓慢攀升”的演变特征,三大区域经营效率变化基本同频,无明显差异;旅游化对旅行社业经营效率具有倒U形的非线性影响作用;国际化为旅行社业提供了更加开放的营商环境,有利于提高经营效率;法治化环境是旅行社业可持续发展的重要保障,旅游法的实施抑制了旅行社业的非合规经营收入;市场化改革优化了旅行社业资源配置,提升了经营效率;市场化与法治化协同推进了旅行社业经营效率的提升。

关键词: 旅行社业; 经营效率; 营商环境; 随机前沿分析

Abstract:

Examining external factors affecting the travel agency industry's efficiency is a crucial means of advancing travel agencies' performance and improving the industry's sustainability. We employed stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and used provincial data covering the period of 2001-2015 in China. The results reveal that the average efficiency of China's travel agency industry showed the character of low levels, slow growth, and regional differences during the observation period. This study also identifies that a non-linear relationship exists between touristization and travel agencies' industry efficiency in China. The international environment, measured by means of trade openness, has a significant positive effect on the efficiency of the travel agency industry. The legal environment has improved concerning China's tourism law, which has substantially deterred unfair competition, improved the quality of travel services, and paved the way for the industry's future development. The process of marketization has a significant positive impact on the efficiency of the travel agency industry. Moreover, legal environment and marketization exert a synergistic effect on the efficiency of the travel agency industry. Based on the above conclusions, several policy recommendations are proposed to promote the high-quality and efficient development of China's travel agency industry.

Keywords: travel agency industry; operational efficiency; business environment; stochastic frontier analysis

张大鹏,吴桐,高志勤. 中国旅行社业经营效率测度及营商环境的影响研究[J]. 旅游导刊, 2021, 5(3): 38-63.

ZHANG Dapeng,WU Tong,GAO Zhiqin. Study on the Efficiency of China's Travel Agency Industry and the Impact of Business Environment[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2021, 5(3): 38-63.

图/表 8

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检验步骤 Testing Step	检验目的 Testing Aim	假设 Hypothesis	对数似然函数值 LLF	似然比检验统计量LR	自由度 Degree of Freedom (k)	χ²₀_.₉₉ (k)	检验结果 Testing Result
1	模型适用性	H₀_：γ=0	-213.53	458.00	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
1	模型适用性	H₁_：γ≠0	15.61	458.00	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
2	生产函数形式	H₀_： β_KK=β_LL=β_TT=β_KL=β_TK=β_TL=0	11.66	7.90	3	10.501	不能拒绝原假设
2	生产函数形式	H₁_：β_KK=β_LL=β_TT=β_KL=β_TK=β_TL≠0	15.61	7.90	3	10.501	不能拒绝原假设
3	是否存在技术变化	H₀_：β_T=0	-33.35	90.02	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
3	是否存在技术变化	H₁_：β_T≠0	11.66	90.02	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
4	效率是否存在时变	H₀_：η=0	7.32	8.68	2	8.273	拒绝原假设
4	效率是否存在时变	H₁_：η≠0	11.66	8.68	2	8.273	拒绝原假设

检验步骤 Testing Step	检验目的 Testing Aim	假设 Hypothesis	对数似然函数值 LLF	似然比检验统计量LR	自由度 Degree of Freedom (k)	χ²₀_.₉₉ (k)	检验结果 Testing Result
1	模型适用性	H₀_：γ=0	-213.53	458.00	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
1	模型适用性	H₁_：γ≠0	15.61	458.00	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
2	生产函数形式	H₀_： β_KK=β_LL=β_TT=β_KL=β_TK=β_TL=0	11.66	7.90	3	10.501	不能拒绝原假设
2	生产函数形式	H₁_：β_KK=β_LL=β_TT=β_KL=β_TK=β_TL≠0	15.61	7.90	3	10.501	不能拒绝原假设
3	是否存在技术变化	H₀_：β_T=0	-33.35	90.02	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
3	是否存在技术变化	H₁_：β_T≠0	11.66	90.02	3	10.501	拒绝原假设
4	效率是否存在时变	H₀_：η=0	7.32	8.68	2	8.273	拒绝原假设
4	效率是否存在时变	H₁_：η≠0	11.66	8.68	2	8.273	拒绝原假设

序号 Order	变量名称 Variable	简写 Symbol	变量测量方法 Definition	平均值 Mean	标准差 Std.Dev.	最大值 Max.	最小值 Min.
1	经营产出	Y	旅行社营业收入,并以2001年为基期进行平减（万元）	471 406	719 508	4 200 392	7 318
2	资本要素	K	旅行社固定资产总额,以2001年为基期平减（万元）	166 139	238 533	1 201 365	3 143
3	劳动要素	L	旅行社从业人员数量（人）	9 531	7 464	43 077	577
4	旅游化环境	TS	旅游总收入/地区生产总值	0.104 4	0.051 6	0.333 3	0.016 9
5	国际化环境	FTDD	贸易总额/地区生产总值	0.316 5	0.365 6	1.711 4	0.015 2
6	法治化环境	TL	虚拟变量,2014、2015年取值为1,其他年份为0	0.133 3	0.340 3	1	0
7	市场化环境	MI	利用王小鲁等（2017）的市场化指数衡量并取对数	1.932 5	0.349 8	2.707 4	0.862 9
8	经济发展环境	PGDP	人均生产总值,按2001年不变价进行平减（元）,并对数化处理	9.695 5	0.639 5	11.064 2	8.006 4
9	交通区位环境	TRA	TRA =（铁路营业里程×5 +等级公路里程×3 +内河航道通航里程×1）/（9×省际行政区划面积）	0.216 1	0.158 5	0.777 5	0.008 9

序号 Order	变量名称 Variable	简写 Symbol	变量测量方法 Definition	平均值 Mean	标准差 Std.Dev.	最大值 Max.	最小值 Min.
1	经营产出	Y	旅行社营业收入,并以2001年为基期进行平减（万元）	471 406	719 508	4 200 392	7 318
2	资本要素	K	旅行社固定资产总额,以2001年为基期平减（万元）	166 139	238 533	1 201 365	3 143
3	劳动要素	L	旅行社从业人员数量（人）	9 531	7 464	43 077	577
4	旅游化环境	TS	旅游总收入/地区生产总值	0.104 4	0.051 6	0.333 3	0.016 9
5	国际化环境	FTDD	贸易总额/地区生产总值	0.316 5	0.365 6	1.711 4	0.015 2
6	法治化环境	TL	虚拟变量,2014、2015年取值为1,其他年份为0	0.133 3	0.340 3	1	0
7	市场化环境	MI	利用王小鲁等（2017）的市场化指数衡量并取对数	1.932 5	0.349 8	2.707 4	0.862 9
8	经济发展环境	PGDP	人均生产总值,按2001年不变价进行平减（元）,并对数化处理	9.695 5	0.639 5	11.064 2	8.006 4
9	交通区位环境	TRA	TRA =（铁路营业里程×5 +等级公路里程×3 +内河航道通航里程×1）/（9×省际行政区划面积）	0.216 1	0.158 5	0.777 5	0.008 9

变量 Variable	待估参数 Parameter	模型1 Model 1	模型2 Model 2	模型3 Model 3	模型4 Model 4
常数项	β₀	3.968 7^***	3.715 3^***	2.880 6^***	3.743 0^***
lnK	β₁	0.212 2^***	0.212 3^***	0.236 5^***	0.214 7^***
lnL	β₂	0.796 4^***	0.815 4^***	0.876 0^***	0.810 3^***
T	β₃	0.031 4^***	0.035 4^***	0.029 4^***	0.034 9^***
技术无效率函数
常数项	δ₀	3.366 4^***	3.091 2^***	3.217 8^***	3.038 1^***
TS	δ₁	-4.920 9^***	-3.196 7^***	-3.190 5^***	-3.088 4^***
TS²	δ₂	5.843 0^**	—	2.288 7^***	—
FTDD	δ₃	-0.305 1^***	-0.328 1^***	-0.207 5^***	-0.314 4^***
TL	δ₄	1.205 3^***	1.151 2^***	0.075 1^***	0.104 5^***
MI	δ₅	-0.432 3^***	-0.434 0^***	-0.230 9^***	-0.472 7^***
MI×TL	δ₆	-0.504 4^**	-0.475 3^***	—	—
PGDP	δ₇	-0.059 0	-0.045 3	-0.105 1	-0.031 2
TRA	δ₈	-0.136 6	-0.149 6	-0.420 7	-0.225 5
方差参数
σ²		0.114 2^***	0.117 3^***	0.139 5^***	0.117 2^***
γ		0.999 9^***	0.999 9^***	0.999 9^***	0.999 9^***
诊断信息
Log函数值		-144.78^***	-146.40^***	-158.62^***	-150.04^***
LR检验		196.85	193.62	169.17	186.33
样本数		450	450	450	450
年数		15	15	15	15
截面数		30	30	30	30