过程理论视角的留学生在华旅游动机变化研究——基于自我民族志方法

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.187

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统旅游动机研究多着眼于群体的时间断面,对个体旅游动机动态变化的揭示及其背后的理论建构关注较少。留学生在华旅游的空间、时间和文化特征均介于入境旅游和国内旅游之间,具有一定的独特性和典型性。本研究以留学生身份的“我”为研究对象,从过程理论视角,通过自我民族志方法对留学生在华旅游动机变化过程进行分析。基于完整的自我叙事以及对旅游动机的过程反思,从文化接触期、初步适应期、深化适应期和生活倦怠期等几个阶段,分析在华留学生追求新奇、自我发展、建立声望、逃离惯常、健康放松和社会交往等旅游动机的变化过程,并建立留学生在华旅游动机变化模型。同时,也提出了留学生在华旅游所特有的距离错位动机和文化适应动机。本研究试图阐明留学生旅游动机在跨文化适应过程中的自我探寻与变化逻辑,结论对入境旅游、国内旅游的市场开发也有一定裨益。

关键词: 旅游动机; 过程理论; 自我民族志; 留学生; 旅居者; 跨文化

Abstract:

Existing research has focused primarily on the time series of the travel group and less on the significance of revealing the temporal changes of individuals’ travel motivation and the theoretical construct supporting these changes. International students travel within China in a process of cross-cultural adaptation, which is unique in that it falls into the dual category of inbound travel and domestic travel in terms of temporal, spatial, and cultural features. This paper takes international students in China as the research object and analyzes the changes in their travel motivation from the perspectives of process theory and autoethnography. Based on complete self-narratives and personal reflections on travel motivation, this article examines changes in individuals’ travel motivation from the pursuit of novelty, self-development, prestige, escape from routines, fitness and leisure, and relaxation to social interaction during the four stages of first cross-cultural contact, initial adaptation, in-depth adaptation, and burnout. Subsequently, a model of changes in international students’ travel motivation is constructed. Moreover, this study establishes the travel motivations of spatial dislocation and acculturation, both of which are unique among international students in China. This research attempts to illustrate the rationale behind international students’ changing travel motivation, as well as their self-exploration in the process of acculturation. It is hoped that this research will contribute to the development of both inbound and domestic travel markets.

Keywords: travel motivation; process theory; autoethnography; international students; sojourners; cross-cultrue

中图分类号:

郑鹏, 李儒珍. 过程理论视角的留学生在华旅游动机变化研究——基于自我民族志方法[J]. 旅游导刊, 2022, 6(1): 24-45.

ZHENG Peng, LEE Yujin. Changes in the Travel Motivation of International Students in China from the Perspectives of Process Theory: An Autoethnography[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2022, 6(1): 24-45.

图/表 7

参考文献 50

[1]	Baggio R. Symptoms of complexity in a tourism system[J]. Tourism Analysis, 2008, 13(1):1-20.
[2]	Canagarajah A S. Teacher development in a global profession:An autoethnography[J]. Tesol Quarterly, 2012, 46(2):258-279.
[3]	Chang H. Autoethnography as Method[M]. London:Routledge, 2016.
[4]	Danckwortt D. Probleme der Anpassung an Eine Fremde Kultur:Eine Sozialpsychologische Analyse der Auslandsausbildung[M]. Köln:Carl-Duisburg-Gesellschaft, 1959.
[5]	Dann G M S. Anomie,ego-enhancement and tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1977, 4(4):184-194.
[6]	DiMaggio P J. Comments on “What theory is not”[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1995, 40(3):391-397.
[7]	Ellis C, Bochner A P. Autoethnography,personal narrative,reflexivity:Researcher as subject[M]//Denzin N K,Lincoln Y S. Denzin N K,Lincoln Y S. Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000:739-740,742.
[8]	Ellis C. Creating criteria:An ethnographic short story[J]. Qualitative Inquiry, 2000, 6(2):273-277.
[9]	Gullahorn J T, Gullahorn J E. An extension of the U‐curve hypothesis[J]. Journal of Social Issues, 1963, 19(3):33-47.
[10]	Hsu C H C, Huang S S. Travel motivation:A critical review of the concept’s development[M]//Woodside A G,Martin D. Tourism Management:Analysis,Behaviour and Strategy. Cambridge,MA: CAB International, 2008:14-27.
[11]	Huang S S, Hsu C H C. Mainland Chinese residents’ perceptions and motivations of visiting Hong Kong:Evidence from focus group interviews[J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2005, 10(2):191-205.
[12]	Iso-Ahola S E. Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation:A rejoinder[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1982, 9(2):256-262.
[13]	Kang S, Yossuck P, Panyadee C, et al. Influencing factors of cross-cultural adaptation process of Chinese students studying in the upper northern Thai universities[J]. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2019, 10(1):65-74.
[14]	Kim Y Y. Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation:An Integrative Theory[M]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1988.
[15]	Llewellyn-Smith C, McCabe V S. What is the attraction for exchange students:The host destination or host university? Empirical evidence from a study of an Australian university[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2008, 10(6):593-607.
[16]	Lysgaand S. Adjustment in a foreign society:Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States[J]. International Social Science Bulletin, 1955(7):45-51.
[17]	Oberg K. Cultural shock:Adjustment to new cultural environments[J]. Practical Anthropology, 1960, os-7(4):177-182.
[18]	Özel Ç H, Kozak N. Motive based segmentation of the cultural tourism market:A study of Turkish domestic tourists[J]. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 2012, 13(3):165-186.
[19]	Pak S Y, Chang H, Cho M. Autoethnography:Exploration of its value as a research methodology in anthropology and education[J]. Anthropology of Education, 2010, 13(2):55-79.
[20]	Pentland B T. Building process theory with narrative:From description to explanation[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1999, 24(4):711-724.
[21]	Redfield R, Linton R, Herskovits M J. Memorandum for the study of acculturation[J]. American Anthropologist, 1936, 38(1):149-152.
[22]	Ritzer G. Toward an Integrated Sociological Paradigm:The Search for an Exemplar and an Image of the Subject Matter[M]. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1981.
[23]	Schmidhauser H. Tourist needs and motivations[M]//Witt S F,Moutinho L. Tourism Marketing and Management Handbook. Hempstead: Prentice Hall, 1989.
[24]	Yoon Y, Uysal M. An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty:A structural model[J]. Tourism Management, 2005, 26(1):45-56.
[25]	Zhang C Z, Xiao H G. Destination development in China:Towards an effective model of explanation[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2014, 22(2):214-233.
[26]	Zhang Q H Q, Lam T. An analysis of mainland Chinese visitors’ motivations to visit Hong Kong[J]. Tourism Management, 1999, 20(5):587-594.
[27]	卡洛琳·艾利丝, 亚瑟·P,. 博克钠. 作为主体的研究者:自我的民族志、个体叙事、自反性[M]∥诺曼·K.邓津,伊冯娜·S.林肯. 定性研究(第3卷):经验资料收集与分析的方法. 风笑天,译. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2007.
	[ Alice, Bokner. As the subject of the researcher:Autoethnography,personal narrative,reflactivity[M]//Norman K D,Lincoln Y S. Qualitative Research(Volume 3):Methods for the Collection and Analysis of Empirical Information. FENG Xiaotian,trans. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2007.]
[28]	白凯. 自我叙事式解读回族宗教活动空间的意义[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(12):1698-1715.
	[ BAI Kai. The self-narrative style interpretation of Hui’s religious activity space[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(12):1698-1715.]
[29]	曹晶晶, 章锦河, 王昶, 等. 距离欲对旅游者目的地选择影响的解释框架[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(4):860-877.
	[ CAO Jingjing, ZHANG Jinhe, WANG Chang, et al. Exploring the essence of distance:A framework of distance desire and tourist destination choice[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(4):860-877.]
[30]	陈向明. 质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M]. 北京: 教育科学出版社, 2000.
	[ CHEN Xiangming. Qualitative Research in Social Sciences[M]. Beijing: Educational Science Press, 2000.]
[31]	陈向明. 旅居者和“外国人”--留美中国学生跨文化人际交往研究[M]. 北京: 教育科学出版社, 2011.
	[ CHEN Xiangming. Sojourners and “Foreigners”:A Study on Chinese Students’ Intercultural Interpersonal Relationships in the United States[M]. Beijing: Educational Science Press, 2011.]
[32]	黄清燕, 白凯. 旅游者自我概念的时空演变--典型网络游记的个案研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(5):644-654.
	[ HUANG Qingyan, BAI Kai. Tourist self-concept in time and space:A case study on typical online travel notes[J]. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(5):644-654.]
[33]	蒋逸民. 自我民族志:质性研究方法的新探索[J]. 浙江社会科学, 2011(4):11-18.
	[ JIANG Yimin. Autoethnography:A new exploration of qualitative research methods[J]. Zhejiang Social Sciences, 2011(4):11-18.]
[34]	李文静, 张朝枝. 过程研究转向:旅游地理研究的理论建构新视角[J]. 旅游导刊, 2019, 3(2):19-39.
	[ LI Wenjing, ZHANG Chaozhi. The turn of process studies:A new perspective on the theoretical construction in tourism geography[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2019, 3(2):19-39.]
[35]	苗学玲. 成长:旅行故事的批判性思维解读[J]. 旅游学刊, 2016, 31(11):22-31.
	[ MIAO Xueling. The role of self-reflection in backpackers’ personal development:An autoethnographic perspective[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2016, 31(11):22-31.]
[36]	斯科特·梅纳德. 纵贯研究[M]. 李俊秀,译. 第2版. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2012.
	[ Menard S. Longitudinal Research[M]. LI Junxiu,trans. 2nd ed. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2012.]
[37]	孙九霞, 周尚意, 王宁, 等. 跨学科聚焦的新领域:流动的时间、空间与社会[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(10):1801-1818.
	[ SUN Jiuxia, ZHOU Shangyi, WANG Ning, et al. Mobility in geographical research:Time,space and society[J]. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(10):1801-1818.]
[38]	王金伟, 张赛茵. 灾害纪念地的黑色旅游者:动机、类型化及其差异--以北川地震遗址区为例[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(8):1576-1588.
	[ WANG Jinwei, ZHANG Saiyin. Dark tourists’ motivations and segmentation at disaster memorials:The case of Beichuan Earthquake Site Area,China[J]. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(8):1576-1588.]
[39]	王丽, 王诚庆, 孙梦阳. 文化距离对北京入境游客时空行为的影响研究[J]. 人文地理, 2018, 33(4):137-145.
	[ WANG Li, WANG Chengqing, SUN Mengyang. The effects of cultural distance on spatio-temporal behavior of Beijing international visitors[J]. Human Geography, 2018, 33(4):137-145.]
[40]	王宁. 代表性还是典型性?--个案的属性与个案研究方法的逻辑基础[J]. 社会学研究, 2002(5):123-125.
	[ WANG Ning. Representativeness or typicality?:The attribute and case study of individual case[J]. Sociological Studies, 2002(5):123-125.]
[41]	文谨, 白凯, 孙星. 地理学视角下的出国旅居研究综述[J]. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(7):1148-1158.
	[ WEN Jin, BAI Kai, SUN Xing. Research on international sojourn:A review from geographical perspective[J]. Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(7):1148-1158.]
[42]	杨昀, 保继刚. 阳朔“西街现象”的形成机理分析--旅游地发展中的游客理性消费与政府“无为而治”[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(12):2199-2211.
	[ YANG Yun, BAO Jigang. The formation of the “West Street Phenomenon” in Yangshuo:Tourists’ rational consumption and the government’s non-interfering governance in guiding the tourism development at destination[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(12):2199-2211.]
[43]	殷文, 张杰. 讲自己的故事就是“自我民族志”?--自我、叙事与读者关系的民族志新进路[J]. 新闻记者, 2017(12):79-86.
	[ YIN Wen, ZHANG Jie. Tell your own story is “Autoethnography”?:The ethnography of self,narrative and reader relationship[J]. Shanghai Journalism Review, 2017(12):79-86.]
[44]	张宏梅, 陆林. 近10年国外旅游动机研究综述[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2005, 24(2):60-64,69.
	[ ZHANG Hongmei, LU Lin. Summary on the study of tourist motivation abroad in the recent ten years[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2005, 24(2):60-64,69.]
[45]	张宏梅, 陆林. 入境旅游者旅游动机及其跨文化比较--以桂林、阳朔入境旅游者为例[J]. 地理学报, 2009, 64(8):989-998.
	[ ZHANG Hongmei, LU Lin. Cross-cultural research on inbound tourists’ motivation:A case study of inbound tourists in Guilin and Yangshuo[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(8):989-998.]
[46]	郑鹏, 马耀峰, 王洁洁, 等. 来华外国旅游者推拉驱力的相关性研究[J]. 人文地理, 2014, 29(1):146-153,107.
	[ ZHENG Peng, MA Yaofeng, WANG Jiejie, et al. An analysis of push and pull relationships in the foreign tourists to China[J]. Human Geography, 2014, 29(1):146-153,107.]
[47]	郑鹏. 旅居者城市旅游空间行为的文化影响研究[J]. 地理科学, 2015a, 35(9):1148-1155.
	[ ZHENG Peng. The cultural influence on sojourners’ city tourism spatial behavior[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015a, 35(9):1148-1155.]
[48]	郑鹏. 旅居者跨文化适应影响因素研究--以在华美国人为例[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2015b, 34(4):42-47.
	[ ZHENG Peng. Sojourner cross-cultural adaptation factors:A case study of Americans in China[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2015b, 34(4):42-47.]
[49]	郑鹏. 文化对来华旅居者旅游行为的影响研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2019.
	[ ZHENG Peng. Study on the Influence of Culture on the Tourism Behavior of Chinese Travelers[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2019.]
[50]	钟士恩, 徐彩霞, 颜丙金, 等. 从个体旅游到群体旅游:共同在场下的城市家庭亲子旅游行为研究[J]. 人文地理, 2020, 35(1):141-149.
	[ ZHONG Shien, XU Caixia, YAN Bingjin, et al. From individual tourism to group tourism:The tourist behavior of urban family parent-child tourism[J]. Human Geography, 2020, 35(1):141-149.]

旅游经历 Travel experiences	日记资料举例 Examples of diary information	影响因素 Influencing factors
西安	来中国已经一个月,我才知道了即将到来的国庆节要休息7天。哇,在韩国的话,几个节日和周末加起来才能休息7天。最近我也从喜爱看的综艺节目《新西游记》里,感受到了西安的美食和古城景观很有中国特色。所以,我决定利用国庆黄金周去体验节目里的旅程	首次在华旅游、好奇心、长假期、综艺节目吸引
上海—青岛	来中国当交换生的时间已经快过去一半了,我仍没有积累足够的旅游经验,内心有些许慌张,想在回国之前尽快去一些有名的地方	留学时间有限、急躁、著名城市
凤凰古城	我室友推荐与一些中国学生同行组团旅游,但是我没有马上决定。可能是因为内心隐藏的对中国人的偏见与距离感令我生畏……不过,凤凰古城的独特景观与之前曾去过的城市显著不同,对景色的好奇感最终战胜了畏惧感	跟团游、偏见、新奇、积累经验

旅游经历 Travel experiences	日记资料举例 Examples of diary information	影响因素 Influencing factors
西安	来中国已经一个月,我才知道了即将到来的国庆节要休息7天。哇,在韩国的话,几个节日和周末加起来才能休息7天。最近我也从喜爱看的综艺节目《新西游记》里,感受到了西安的美食和古城景观很有中国特色。所以,我决定利用国庆黄金周去体验节目里的旅程	首次在华旅游、好奇心、长假期、综艺节目吸引
上海—青岛	来中国当交换生的时间已经快过去一半了,我仍没有积累足够的旅游经验,内心有些许慌张,想在回国之前尽快去一些有名的地方	留学时间有限、急躁、著名城市
凤凰古城	我室友推荐与一些中国学生同行组团旅游,但是我没有马上决定。可能是因为内心隐藏的对中国人的偏见与距离感令我生畏……不过,凤凰古城的独特景观与之前曾去过的城市显著不同,对景色的好奇感最终战胜了畏惧感	跟团游、偏见、新奇、积累经验

旅游经历 Travel experiences	日记资料举例 Examples of diary information	影响因素 Influencing factors
洛阳	结束交换生回韩国的时间逐渐临近,未来再到中国旅游的机会肯定不多……就算我找不到同行的朋友,我也会独自出游。我觉得我不能失去这难得的机会,也想对自己的能力进行检验	机会难得、独游、挑战自己、文化适应
西安	在近期的汉语课上,感觉自己的进步非常小,甚至有滑坡的迹象。有时候还不如刚来中国的其他留学生。这让我感到很没面子……留学生同学找我给他们推荐旅游地,并希望我带领他们去。我正好也想通过这次旅游,恢复对汉语能力的自信,走出低迷	汉语学习瓶颈期、失去自信、验证能力

旅游经历 Travel experiences	日记资料举例 Examples of diary information	影响因素 Influencing factors
洛阳	结束交换生回韩国的时间逐渐临近,未来再到中国旅游的机会肯定不多……就算我找不到同行的朋友,我也会独自出游。我觉得我不能失去这难得的机会,也想对自己的能力进行检验	机会难得、独游、挑战自己、文化适应
西安	在近期的汉语课上,感觉自己的进步非常小,甚至有滑坡的迹象。有时候还不如刚来中国的其他留学生。这让我感到很没面子……留学生同学找我给他们推荐旅游地,并希望我带领他们去。我正好也想通过这次旅游,恢复对汉语能力的自信,走出低迷	汉语学习瓶颈期、失去自信、验证能力

旅游经历 Travel experiences	日记资料举例 Examples of diary information	影响因素 Influencing factors
北京	……专业课程学习比之前的生活语言学习难多了。压力逐渐积累,越来越大,压得我快喘不过气了。我太累了,哪里都好,几天也罢,只是想要出游放松解乏	学习压力积累、渴望解脱感
青岛	这学期,我并没有很多出游的想法,但爸爸妈妈第一次来中国看我,太激动了。我觉得我有责任带他们去一些好玩的地方,让他们也感受到我的快乐。我很期待这次青岛之旅	旅游主动性消减、家人到访中国
西安	马上就到研究生三年级了,毕业论文的压力越来越大……韩国朋友来中国看我,让我复杂的心理放松了不少	学习压力、亲朋到访、追求放松