The influence of cultural distance on tourists' behavior is an emerging and important research topic, and a considerable amount of research literature has appeared. Nevertheless, researchers have neglected to offer a systematic and comprehensive review and reflection on this topic. This paper reviews and analyzes the construct measurement, influence mechanism, interpretation theory, and other aspects. The results suggest: (1) There are two different orientations in the study of cultural distance in tourism research—one based on the differences of collective values in the domain of cross-cultural management, the other on individual subjective perception in the field of cross-cultural communication. The former has a great influence on tourism research, and tourism academia has recently begun to attach importance to the research on perceived cultural distance. (2) Cultural distance in the background of tourism is a huge potential research direction that has accumulated abundant empirical research in the field of transnational tourism. (3) The lack of appropriate measurement of the construct, systematic research framework, and effective interpretation theory has prevented clear conclusions on the kind of influence cultural distance has on tourists and the kind of mechanism affecting aspects of behavior in different tourists' activity. Therefore, based on existing research, this paper offers a construct definition of tourists' perceived cultural distance (TPCD) and a conceptual research framework that describes the influence of cultural distance on tourists' behavior, pointing out some major directions for future research and providing useful ideas and contributions for future theoretical research and industry development.

Examining external factors affecting the travel agency industry's efficiency is a crucial means of advancing travel agencies' performance and improving the industry's sustainability. We employed stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and used provincial data covering the period of 2001-2015 in China. The results reveal that the average efficiency of China's travel agency industry showed the character of low levels, slow growth, and regional differences during the observation period. This study also identifies that a non-linear relationship exists between touristization and travel agencies' industry efficiency in China. The international environment, measured by means of trade openness, has a significant positive effect on the efficiency of the travel agency industry. The legal environment has improved concerning China's tourism law, which has substantially deterred unfair competition, improved the quality of travel services, and paved the way for the industry's future development. The process of marketization has a significant positive impact on the efficiency of the travel agency industry. Moreover, legal environment and marketization exert a synergistic effect on the efficiency of the travel agency industry. Based on the above conclusions, several policy recommendations are proposed to promote the high-quality and efficient development of China's travel agency industry.

To explore the impact of the decision-maker's social preference on the pricing strategy of the tourism supply chain, a Stackelberg game model for a tourism supply chain is established, composed of a theme park and a travel agency. The social preference of supply chain members is introduced into the model. The paper analyzes the influence of different social preferences on pricing strategy and profit of the tourism supply chain, in the case of a theme park dominating the supply chain. The results show: 1) Only considering the fairness preference of the travel agency reduces the wholesale price and the profit of the theme park; the selling price of the travel agency remains unchanged, the profit of the travel agency increases, and the overall profit of the tourism supply chain remains unchanged. 2) Only considering the altruistic preference of the theme park reduces the wholesale price and profit of the theme park and the selling price of the travel agency, and the profits of the travel agency and the tourism supply chain increase. 3) Both members having social preferences leads to conclusions consistent with the case of considering only the theme park's altruistic preference. 4) The fairness preference of the travel agency only benefits itself, while the altruistic preference of the theme park benefits both the travel agency and the tourism supply chain. Therefore, from the perspective of maintaining the supply chain's cooperative relationships and maximizing its overall benefits, the theme park as the dominant player should pay attention to the fairness preference of the travel agency and take the initiative to adopt altruistic behaviors.

As a kind of special-theme tourism, gastronomy tourism has become one of the fastest-growing tourism markets in the world in recent years and has attracted increasing attention from academia and industry. Based on a definition of the concept of gourmet tourism, this study systematically summarizes and analyses the effect of the driving force of tourism demand, tourist experience, tourism motivation, and tourism preferences on tourists' behavioral intention in food tourism, and the pulling force of the tangible and intangible nature of destination food culture on their behavioral intention. The findings show that the factors of pushing internal force and pulling external force affect the behavior of gourmet tourists. The internal factors are tourists' tourism demands, tourist experience, tourism motivation, and tourism preference, whereas the external factors are the tangible and intangible nature of the destination food culture. Accordingly, the study constructs a theoretical framework for the influence of the push and pull factors of food tourism on tourists' behavior. This paper provides a prospect for the future research direction of gastronomy tourism from the perspective of research content, theory, and method, which can enrich and develop investigation in this field at the theoretical level and provide references and ideas for the development of the food tourism market at the practical level.