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旅游导刊  2019 , 3 (6): 48-63 https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.113

研究论文

经济欠发达地区居民对2022年冬奥会的感知及支持度研究——以张家口市居民为例

许忠伟, 曾玉文

北京第二外国语学院旅游科学学院 北京 100024

Perception and Support for 2022 Winter Olympics Games among Residents in Underdeveloped Areas: Evidence from Zhangjiakou

XU Zhongwei, ZENG Yuwen

School of Tourism Science, Beijing International Studies University, Beijing 100024, China

中图分类号:  F59

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  2096-3238(2019)06-0048-16

收稿日期: 2019-09-17

修回日期:  2019-12-1

网络出版日期:  2019-12-30

版权声明:  2019 《旅游导刊》编辑部 《旅游导刊》编辑部 所有

基金资助:  本研究受国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项(项目编号:2019YFF0302600)、北京社科基金(项目编号:18JDGLB012)、北京市教委社科一般项目(项目编号:SM201910031003)资助

作者简介:

许忠伟(1976— ),男,湖北武汉人,北京第二外国语学院教授,博士,研究方向:节事活动与旅游企业研究。E-mail:imoses@sina.com;曾玉文(1992— ),女,湖北应城人,北京第二外国语学院会展管理专业硕士研究生,研究方向:节事会展旅游。

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摘要

本文以张家口市居民为例,探讨经济欠发达地区居民对大型国际体育赛事影响的感知及支持度。通过实地调研和问卷数据分析发现:张家口市居民对2022年冬奥会的支持度与经济和文化利益感知、社会利益感知两个积极影响因素呈显著正相关关系,与冬奥会成本感知呈非显著负向关系;根据居民对冬奥会的感知和支持度因子,可以将居民分为乐观者、现实主义者和漠视者,这3类居民对冬奥会的感知存在明显差异,但是居民对大型体育赛事的支持度更多地依靠感知收益,而不是感知成本,3类居民中乐观者对冬奥会支持度最高;与发达地区不同,经济欠发达地区居民在成本感知上并不显著。

关键词: 居民感知 ; 支持度 ; 大型活动 ; 冬奥会

Abstract

The paper explores the perceptions and support toward mega events (such as the 2022 Winter Olympics) among residents in underdeveloped areas (in this case, Zhangjiakou). Through field research and questionnaire analysis, it was found that Zhangjiakou residents’ support of the 2022 Winter Olympics has a significant positive relationship with the perceived economic, cultural, and social benefits of the event, but a non-significant negative relationship with the perceived costs. The study indicated that based on their different perceptions of the forthcoming Winter Olympics, residents of Zhangjiakou can be divided into three groups, namely optimists, realists and indifferent people. It can be inferred that residents’ support for mega events depends more on the perceived benefits rather than the perceived costs. Optimists have the highest support for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Furthermore, compared to previous research, it was found that support for mega events is basically the same in both underdeveloped and developed areas. Negative impact perception is not significant among Zhangjiakou residents.

Keywords: residents’ perception ; support ; mega events ; Winter Olympics

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许忠伟, 曾玉文. 经济欠发达地区居民对2022年冬奥会的感知及支持度研究——以张家口市居民为例[J]. 旅游导刊, 2019, 3(6): 48-63 https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.113

XU Zhongwei, ZENG Yuwen. Perception and Support for 2022 Winter Olympics Games among Residents in Underdeveloped Areas: Evidence from Zhangjiakou[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2019, 3(6): 48-63 https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.113

引言

大型体育赛事的成功举办与举办地居民的大力支持密不可分,居民的支持态度对体育赛事的可持续发展发挥着越来越重要的作用(廉涛、黄海燕,2017)。友善好客的居民氛围有利于把特大体育事件变成城市节日,给社区和游客都创造一个美好的体验(Hiller,1990),居民的支持和参与也能提高赛事对社区的积极影响(Gursoy & Kendall,2006)。同时,举办大型体育赛事需要投入大量的人力、物力及财力,举办地政府需要依靠当地企业及居民的税收支撑大型活动的花费(Mihalik & Simonetta,1999),若大型体育赛事没有获得举办地居民的大力支持,将面临巨大的风险。

由于场馆、交通、住宿等原因,大型体育赛事往往在较为发达的城市举办,经济欠发达地区能举办国际性综合大型体育赛事的机会较少。大型体育赛事能够促进举办地经济发展,吸引投资,带动旅游、酒店、建筑等相关产业的发展(Deccio & Baloglu,2002;Chen & Tian,2015),进而为当地居民提供更多就业机会并且提高居民个人收入(Gursoy & Kendall,2006)。赛事带来的积极影响对于经济欠发达地区而言非常重要。有研究表明,发展中国家的居民对举办大型体育赛事能够改善当地基础设施的期望更高(Pranić,Pranić & Cetinić,2012)。因此,经济欠发达地区居民对大型体育赛事的感知与其他地区居民是否存在差异以及差异的具体表现值得深入研究。

一、大型体育赛事居民感知及支持度文献综述

1.大型体育赛事及其影响

Bowden、McDonnell和Allen等(2001)认为应该根据大型体育赛事的规模将其分类。国际性体育赛事可以分类为“大型活动”(Jafari,1988)和“标志性事件”(Ritchie,1984)。Ritchie(1984)将大型活动定义为在有限的时间里举办的一次性或者持续的活动。大型活动因为出席率、目标市场影响、设施规模等方面水平较高,给目的地带来较高媒体曝光率,能够提升目的地形象,促进旅游业的发展,进而对目的地经济产生拉动作用(Chalip,2006)。标志性事件和大型活动根据其规模、吸引力和重要程度的不同对目的地的影响也是不同的(Kim & Chalip,2004)。Crompton和Lee(2000)从大型体育赛事的销售额、举办地居民个人收入和居民就业水平等方面衡量了大型活动对目的地的经济影响,发现大型活动可以拉动目的地经济。但是,Jones(2001)指出有许多因素会影响大型活动的经济效益,这些因素包含但不限定于媒体曝光率、居民对事件影响的感知、事件本身的运行方式等。

尽管举办大型体育赛事会耗费大量人力、物力,但是由于其显性和隐性的利益,许多国家还是会相互竞争以争取获得大型体育赛事的举办权(Lorde,Greenidge & Devonish,2011)。大型体育赛事对目的地的影响可以分为经济影响、政治影响、社会文化影响和环境影响(Ritchie,1984)。在经济影响方面,一些研究表明大型体育赛事会给目的地带来经济利益,如增加当地税收收入、给当地居民提供更多的就业机会等(Deccio & Baloglu,2002)。除了由游客花费带来的经济利益,大型体育赛事还可以吸引投资,为目的地带来更多的商业机会(Deccio & Baloglu,2002)。但是也有研究表明,通过比较大型体育赛事新增投资以及相关的游客消费发现,大型体育赛事的游客消费经济影响并不显著,对目的地的拉动作用有限(罗秋菊、卢相宇,2011)。在社会影响方面,大型体育赛事有助于增强举办地的城市形象,提高知名度(Ritchie,1984),改善城市环境,提高公共服务水平,完善基础设施(Chen & Tian,2015),增加当地居民的自豪感等。在文化影响方面,大型体育赛事的举办丰富了当地居民的休闲娱乐活动,提升了居民的文化认知水平(Hall,1997;Vetitnev & Bobina,2017),促进了居民与旅游者之间的文化交流。除了积极影响外,大型体育赛事也会给目的地带来负面影响,如导致交通拥堵、犯罪率上升(Mihalik & Cummings,1995;Liu & Wilson,2014)等。同时,大型体育赛事会使得举办地出现房价和物价上涨、居民生活成本增加、噪声加剧、垃圾污染、居住环境遭到破坏(Chen & Tian,2015)等问题。

2. 居民对大型体育赛事的感知

居民对大型体育赛事的感知主要体现在经济、社会、文化、环境影响感知等层面(见表1)。Deccio和Baloglu(2002)用社会交换模型研究了非举办地居民对2002年美国犹他州盐湖城冬奥会感知和支持度的影响因素,结果表明非举办地居民对2002年盐湖城冬奥会的支持度与居民可获得的机会、经济收益和资源的可利用性等因素呈正相关关系,与居民对生态环境的态度等因素呈负相关关系。不同学者基于不同维度研究了举办地居民对大型体育赛事影响的感知与支持度。Kim、Gursoy和Lee(2006)用社会文化收益、经济收益、环境收益、交通拥堵、生活成本提高、社会治安问题、基础建设投资成本7维度模型来研究韩国居民对韩国世界杯赛前及赛后影响的感知差异。Bob 和 Swart(2009)用财政投入、经济利益、社区利益、成本感知4维度模型研究举办地居民对南非世界杯影响的感知。陈方英(2010)通过经济利益、社会文化利益、形象提升利益、经济社会成本、环境利益5个维度研究了青岛市居民对2008年奥帆赛影响的感知与态度的纵向变化。王起静(2010)利用收益感知、成本感知、社区依附感知、参与度感知和准备度感知5个维度研究举办地居民对2008年北京奥运会支持度的影响因素。Vetitnev和 Bobina(2017)通过城市发展与居民生活品质、消极影响和旅游目的地的积极影响3个维度,发现索契居民对2014年俄罗斯索契冬奥会的支持度主要受经济和社会收益感知的影响。虽然不同学者对居民感知的维度划分不一致,但是分析各个维度的内容可以发现,居民对大型体育赛事影响的感知可分为感知收益和感知成本两大维度,即居民对大型体育赛事感知的积极影响和消极影响。

表1   大型活动居民感知因子对比

Tab. 1   Comparison of residents’ perception in Mega-events

大型事件
(时间)
举办地
(主赛场)
研究文献结论
世界杯(2002)韩国
(汉城)
Kim,Gursoy & Lee,2006赛前,居民更多感知到的是世界杯带来的文化、经济、自然资源方面的收益,以及其带来的交通拥堵、物价上升等问题。
世界杯(2010)南非
(约翰
内斯堡)
Bob & Swart,2009居民认为世界杯会带来经济与文化方面的收益,尤其给举办地居民提供了工作机会和社区福利,也会带来环境污染、交通拥堵、生活成本提高、犯罪率上升等问题。
奥帆赛(2008)青岛陈方英,2010青岛市居民感知到的是奥帆赛带来的利益而非成本。居民对奥运会所带来的环境利益、社会文化利益和城市形象提升利益的感知相比经济利益更为积极和持续,对奥运会带来的成本感知随时间推移呈现强化的趋势。
青奥会(2014)南京胡军,2011居民对青奥会影响的感知收益对支持度有显著的正向影响,感知成本对支持度有较小的负向影响。
上海世博会(2010)上海辜应康、杨杰,2015居民对上海世博会的感知包含4个积极影响维度和3个消极影响维度;3个消极影响维度在世博会后都得到了加强。
索契冬奥会(2014)索契Vetithev & Bobina,2017居民感知因子包含城市发展与居民生活品质、对旅游目的地的消极影响和积极影响。

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3. 居民对大型体育赛事感知的对比研究

居民感知的对比研究可以分为两类,一类是举办地居民对大型体育赛事前后影响感知的差异,另一类是不同举办地居民对同一大型体育赛事影响的感知差异,即时间上的纵向比较和空间上的横向比较。

(1)举办地居民对大型体育赛事前后影响的感知

这类研究主要分析居民对大型体育赛事前后影响的感知差异及这种差异产生的影响因素。Mihalik和Simonetta(1999)对1996年美国亚特兰大奥运会进行了长期深入的居民感知调查,发现当地居民更加注重奥运会带来的无形利益而非直接的经济利益,居民对于奥运会始终持支持态度。Waitt(2003)分别于1998年和2000年调查了举办地居民对2000年悉尼奥运会赛前和赛中的支持度,研究了居民支持度的变化和影响因素,发现2000年居民的参与意向相比于1998年更高,更愿意参与志愿者工作并向其他人传递奥运精神。Kim、Gursoy 和Lee(2006)研究了举办地居民对2002年韩日世界杯举办前后影响的感知差异,发现居民在世界杯举办后所感知到的实际利益低于预期值。辜应康和杨杰(2015)在上海世博会举办前后调查了居民对世博会影响的感知变化,发现居民在世博会举办后强化了对世博会消极影响维度的感知。Oshimi、Harada 和 Fukuhara(2016)在日本环法自行车赛赛前与赛后进行调查发现,当地居民在赛前对环法自行车赛的社会影响预期较高,对消极影响感知较低,在赛后发现其社会影响预期未得到满足,消极影响感知增强,但是居民对赛事活动的支持度一直较高。由此可见,同一人群在大型体育赛事前后对影响的感知是有区别的。一般而言,居民在赛前对大型体育赛事带来的积极影响感知较为明显,对消极影响感知不太明显,但是随着体育赛事的进行,积极影响感知逐渐减弱,消极影响感知逐渐增强,但这并不一定会影响居民对大型体育赛事的支持度。

(2)不同举办地居民对同一大型体育赛事的影响感知

关于不同举办地居民对同一大型体育赛事的影响感知的研究文献相对较少。Pranić L、Pranić和Cetinić(2012)通过对比研究发展中国家和发达国家居民对大型体育赛事影响的不同态度,发现发达国家在基础设施和公共服务方面己经比较完善,而发展中国家基础设施的数量和质量都比较落后,因此,发展中国家居民对举办大型体育赛事能够改善基础设施的期望更髙。Chen和Tian(2015)研究了北京市居民和青岛市居民对2008年北京奥运会赛后影响的感知,发现两地居民对2008年北京奥运会影响的感知收益均大于感知成本,但是北京市居民对2008年北京奥运会影响的感知更多关注环境因素,青岛市居民则更多关注城市形象因素。

国内外关于大型体育赛事居民感知及支持度的研究多以经济发达地区的居民为主,对于经济欠发达地区居民对大型体育赛事的感知、支持度的研究较少,同时对于不同举办地居民对同一体育赛事的影响感知的研究也较少,原因在于大型体育赛事大多发生在经济发达地区,同时同一大型体育赛事在多个地点同期举办的现象也较为少见。只有部分旅游学领域的研究者以经济欠发达地区(宗圆圆,2008;崔晓明、Ryan,2010;吕君,2012)及不同举办地居民(卢松、张捷、李东等,2008;戴林琳、盖世杰,2011)为视角进行了研究。

世界银行用人均GDP或人均GNI的高低来区分高收入国家、中等收入国家和低收入国家,该划分标准具有较高的权威性。2017年,我国人均GDP为 59 660元,张家口市人均GDP为35 123元,低于全国平均水平。另外,张家口市现辖10个县、6个区、2个管理区和1个高新区。截至2018年9月,根据国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室公布的国家级贫困县名单,张家口市有8个县(张北县、康保县、沽源县、尚义县、蔚县、阳原县、怀安县、赤城县)和3个区(万全区、崇礼区和涿鹿县赵家蓬区)属于国家级贫困县。因此,张家口市目前看属于经济欠发达地区。

二、研究方法

1. 问卷设计

本文的研究目的是考察张家口市居民对大型体育赛事的感知及支持度,问卷设计参考了国内外已有的居民感知和支持度领域的研究文献。调查问卷共包括3个部分:第一部分是关于举办地居民对2022年冬奥会影响感知维度的调查;第二部分是关于举办地居民对2022年冬奥会支持度及其影响因素的调查;第三部分是对举办地居民个人基本信息的收集。第一部分的测量采用李克特5点量表(Likert Scale),按顺序由1分到5分分别代表非常不同意、不同意、不知道、比较同意和非常同意。该部分共设计18个题项,主要涵盖经济影响方面的感知(增加就业机会及个人收入、吸引投资、促进相关产业发展、增加生活成本)、社会影响方面的感知(改善城市环境、完善基础设施、提高公共服务水平、增加民族自豪感、提升国际形象、造成交通拥堵)和文化影响方面的感知(丰富休闲娱乐活动、促进文化交流)3个层面(见表2)。第二部分就居民是否支持冬奥会共设计8个题项,采用李克特5点量表进行测量(见表3)。

表2   大型活动居民感知因素汇总

Tab. 2   Summary of residents’ perception of Mega-events

感知因素研究文献
增加就业机会及个人收入Ritchie和 Smith(1991);Deccio和Baloglu(2002);Waitt(2003);Kim和 James(2005);王起静(2010);Chen 和Tian(2015)
加速城市发展,为城市带来新的商机Waitt(2003);Kim 和James(2005);Chen 和Tian(2015)
城市环境得到改善,更加重视环境保护Kim 和James(2005);Ritchie、Shipway和 Cleeve(2009);陈楠和乔光辉(2009);Chen 和Tian(2015)
感知因素研究文献
基础设施更加完善(酒店、交通、文化娱乐、环卫设施等)Waitt(2003);Kim和James(2005);许春晓、柴晓敏和付淑礼(2007);罗秋菊和卢相宇(2011);Chen和Tian(2015)
促进与国内外游客的交流,能够结交新朋友Deccio和Baloglu(2002);Kim和James(2005);王起静(2010);罗秋菊和卢相宇(2011);Chen和Tian(2015)
丰富休闲娱乐活动Waitt(2003);罗秋菊和卢相宇(2011);Chen和Tian(2015)
提高公共服务水平Ritchie、Shipway和Cleeve(2009);Chen和Tian(2015)
增加民族自豪感Ritchie(1984);Fredline、Deery和Jago(2005)
促进旅游产业发展Deccio和Baloglu(2002);Waitt(2003);许春晓、柴晓敏和付淑礼(2007)
提升城市的国际形象,提高知名度和影响力Waitt(2003);马明(2009);Chen和Tian(2015);Kim,Jun,Walker,et al.(2015)
导致房价和物价上涨,生活成本增加Deccio和Baloglu(2002);Waitt(2003);Kim和James(2005);罗秋菊和卢相宇(2011);Kim,Jun,Walker,et al.(2015)
加剧噪声、垃圾污染,破坏居住环境王起静(2010);Chen和Tian(2015);Kim,Jun,Walker,et al.(2015)
造成交通拥堵Deccio和Baloglu(2002);Kim和James(2005);王起静(2010);Chen和Tian(2015);Kim,Jun,Walker,et al.(2015)

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表3   居民支持度指标来源

Tab. 3   Sources of residents support indicators

变量及维度具体测量指标研究文献




支持度
我支持在张家口市举办此次冬奥会Ritchie和Smith(1991);Deccio和Baloglu(2002);马明(2009);王起静(2010);Chen和Tian(2015);Kim,Jun,Walker,et al.(2015)
我支持为办好冬奥会配合相关筹备工作
我认为举办冬奥会产生的积极影响大于消极影响
我愿意承受举办冬奥会带来的负面影响
我对冬奥会非常感兴趣
我愿意参与冬奥会的志愿者工作
我将到现场观看冬奥会的比赛
我将在家准时观看赛事直播

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2. 数据收集

本研究采用随机抽样的方式获取数据,笔者于2017年3月30日至4月18日进行了为期20天的问卷发放工作。问卷发放地点选择在张家口市区的学校、社区、中心商圈以及崇礼区人流密集的场所,以确保样本的随机性,同时对于一些时间不便的受访者采用电子问卷的方式进行调研。本次调查共发放问卷300份,回收有效问卷270份,有效率为90%。

三、数据分析与结论

1. 人口统计特征

被调查者的性别、年龄、受教育程度等人口统计特征见表4

表4   样本人口统计特征

Tab. 4   Sample profle

人口统计学变量分类频率百分比
性别11944.1%
15155.9%
年龄20岁以下31.1%
20~29岁10739.6%
30~39岁4516.7%
40~49岁9434.8%
50岁及以上217.8%
受教育程度大专及以下9033.3%
本科15155.9%
研究生及以上2910.8%
职业政府机构或事业单位4014.8%
企业职工10438.5%
学生7025.9%
农民41.5%
退休人员72.6%
其他4516.7%
月收入4 000元以下11040.7%
4 000~6 999元6022.2%
7 000~10 000元6323.3%
10 000元以上3713.8%
在张家口市居住时间5年以下5018.5%
5~10年217.8%
10年以上19973.7%

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2. 居民对冬奥会感知及支持度的因子分析

按照因子分析的前提要求,本研究首先采用Bartlett球形检验及KMO取样适当性量数检验各变量观测值之间的相关性。利用统计分析软件SPSS 18.0处理数据,得出张家口市居民感知KMO的检验值为0.939,Bartlett球形检验相伴概率p=0.000,说明统计数据适合做因子分析。张家口市居民感知因子中,积极影响感知因子有2个,消极影响感知因子1个,对其分别命名为经济和文化利益感知、社会利益感知、冬奥会成本感知,累计方差贡献率为66.19%;对提取的各公因子进行信度分析,信度系数均较高(见表5)。

分析得出,张家口市居民支持度KMO的检验值为0.921,Bartlett球形检验相伴概率p=0.000,说明统计数据适合做因子分析。经过因子分析,共提取一个因子,命名为居民支持度,累计方差贡献率为64.02%,信度系数也较高(见表6)。

表5   居民感知因子分析结果

Tab. 5   Results of residents’ perception factor analysis

感知因子均值载荷特征值方差贡献率(%)信度
F1:经济和文化利益感知4.025.2128.940.91
举办冬奥会将增加我的收入3.470.83
举办冬奥会将增加就业机会3.780.82
举办冬奥会将丰富日常生活4.170.74
举办冬奥会将促进经济发展3.760.73
举办冬奥会将增加交流机会4.210.71
举办冬奥会将吸引投资4.340.68
举办冬奥会将增加自豪感4.410.64
举办冬奥会将带动旅游业发展3.470.63
F2:社会利益感知4.383.8321.270.87
冬奥会将促进环境保护4.360.82
冬奥会将改善城市环境4.370.81
冬奥会将完善基础设施建设4.410.65
F3:冬奥会成本感知3.812.8815.980.81
冬奥会将增加噪声3.360.85
冬奥会将增加垃圾和污染物3.360.80
冬奥会将导致交通拥堵3.620.79
冬奥会造成商品价格和服务价格上涨4.260.67
冬奥会造成房价上涨4.440.61
累计方差贡献率(%)66.19

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表6   居民支持度因子分析结果

Tab. 6   Results of residents’ support factor analysis

支持度因子均值载荷特征值方差贡献率(%)信度
F1:居民支持度3.945.1264.020.92
我对冬奥会非常感兴趣4.310.87
我支持在张家口市举办此次冬奥会4.320.85
我支持为办好冬奥会配合相关筹备工作4.050.83
我认为举办冬奥会产生的积极影响大于消极影响4.190.83
我愿意参与冬奥会的志愿者工作3.410.83
我将在家准时观看赛事直播3.960.77
我将到现场观看冬奥会的比赛3.470.73
累计方差贡献率(%)64.02

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3. 影响因素与居民支持度的相关性分析

运用SPSS 18.0计算居民支持度和各影响因素之间的斯皮尔曼相关系数。结果显示,张家口市居民对2022年冬奥会的支持度与经济和文化利益感知、社会利益感知两个影响因素呈显著正相关关系。张家口市居民的负面感知因素,即成本感知对冬奥会支持度无显著影响(见表7)。

表7   影响因素与居民支持度的相关性

Tab. 7   Correlation between residents’ support and factors

张家口市居民
因素相关系数p
F1:经济和文化利益感知0.7050.000
F2:社会利益感知0.4760.000
F3:冬奥会成本感知0.0400.257

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4. 居民对冬奥会感知因子与支持度的关系

为分析居民支持度的影响因素,将与支持度显著相关的两个感知因子作为自变量,将居民支持度作为因变量进行一般线性多重回归分析。对经济和文化利益感知、社会利益感知两个因子采用强制回归(enter)的方式进入回归方程。模型调整后的R2为0.721,Sig.=0.000,德宾—沃森检验(Durbin-Watson)为1.911(约等于2),说明变量之间基本不存在自相关关系;共线性诊断中两因子的容差和方差膨胀系数(VIF)均为1,说明自变量之间基本不存在多重共线性问题,回归方程有效(见表8)。

表8   感知因子与居民支持度的回归分析

Tab. 8   Regression analysis of residents’ perception and support

项目非标准化系数标准化
系数
tp容差VIF
B标准误
常量—9.470E—170.0320.0001.0001.0001.000
经济和文化利益感知0.7050.0320.70521.8880.0001.0001.000
社会利益感知0.4760.0320.47614.7890.0001.0001.000
R2=0.721;F=233.58;Sig.=0.000;DW=1.911

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表8可以看出,经济和文化利益感知因子(p=0.000)和社会利益感知因子(p=0.000)对居民的支持度产生显著影响。经济和文化利益感知因子系数为0.705,社会利益感知因子系数为0.476,经济和文化利益感知因子对居民支持度的影响力较大。可以得出居民感知与支持度的回归方程为:y=0.705x1+0.476x2y表示居民支持度,x1表示经济和文化利益感知因子,x2表示社会利益感知因子)。

这一结果说明冬奥会成本感知并不影响居民对2022年冬奥会的支持度,因此政府应首先注重经济和文化方面的建设,包括增加居民的就业机会、吸引投资、发展旅游业等,这些因素决定了居民对冬奥会的感知水平,从而直接影响居民的支持度。

5. 张家口市居民对冬奥会感知和支持度的聚类分析

不同类型的居民对冬奥会影响的感知和支持度是存在差异的。为了进一步区分张家口市居民对冬奥会影响的感知类型,本研究对3个感知因素和支持度进行快速聚类(K-Means)分析,在尝试性地进行2类、3类、4类等多种聚合类别分析后,根据前人的研究成果(杨杰、辜应康、苑炳慧,2010)结合聚类结果的理论解释和实际意义,最终确定聚类数目为3类。然后,对3种聚类进行统计检验(ANOVA),所有指标方差的显著性都在0.05的水平上显著,表明3种类型存在明显差异,符合统计学显著性要求。这3类居民分别被命名为乐观者、现实主义者和漠视者(见表9)。

表9   居民对冬奥会感知影响的聚类分析

Tab. 9   Cluster analysis of residents’ perception of Winter Olympics

感知因子乐观者(n=198)现实主义者
(n=62)
漠视者
(n=10)
F值显著性
均值
经济和文化利益感知4.302.952.18146.760.000
社会利益感知4.584.102.0782.040.000
冬奥会成本感知3.794.022.7211.060.000
支持度因子4.333.061.75230.840.000

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第一类居民:乐观者。该类型由198位居民组成。这类居民坚定地认为举办冬奥会可以在经济、文化及社会等方面带来利益,尤其是社会利益。这类居民认为举办冬奥会可以改善城市环境和完善城市基础设施建设,同时,也认为冬奥会会带来一定的消极影响,如增加噪声、造成交通拥堵、导致物价上升等。但是,总体而言,这类居民认为举办冬奥会带来的积极影响将高于消极影响,因此对2022年冬奥会的支持度较高。

第二类居民:现实主义者。该类型由62位居民组成。这类居民认为冬奥会会给张家口市带来积极影响,如完善城市基础设施建设、改善城市环境、提高居民收入、增加居民就业机会等。同时,这类居民也认为冬奥会会带来一定的消极影响,如增加噪声、造成交通拥堵、导致物价上升等。总体而言,这类居民认为冬奥会带来的积极影响和消极影响差不多。他们对2022年冬奥会的支持度水平一般。

第三类居民:漠视者。该类型由10位居民组成。这类居民对2022年冬奥会带来的正面和负面影响都不太关注,对冬奥会的影响感知较小,同时对2022年冬奥会的支持度也较低。

四、结论、启示与不足

本文以张家口市为例,研究经济欠发达地区居民对2022年冬奥会的感知与支持度,得出以下结论:首先,张家口市居民对冬奥会的感知既包含积极感知,也包含消极感知,这与Kim、Gursoy和Lee(2006),Bob和Swart(2009),马明(2009),陈方英(2010),胡军(2011),辜应康和杨杰(2015),Chen和Tian(2015)等学者的研究结论一致,即无论是经济发达地区居民,还是经济欠发达地区居民对大型活动的感知不仅包括大型活动带来的经济、社会、文化利益等方面的积极影响,也包括大型活动带来的成本等负面影响。

其次,张家口市居民对冬奥会的支持度与社会利益感知(相关系数0.476)、经济和文化利益感知(相关系数0.705)呈显著正相关关系,与冬奥会成本感知呈非显著负向关系。这一结论与胡军(2011)对青奥会的研究结论存在一定差异,后者认为,南京市居民的成本感知对支持度有较小的负向影响(相关系数为—0.203)。以上研究结论的不同说明经济发达地区和经济欠发达地区居民在成本感知上有一定差异,经济欠发达地区对大型活动的成本感知并不明显。这启示政府可以通过加强经济、文化和社会等方面的建设来提高张家口市居民对冬奥会的支持度,如利用冬奥会带来的商机吸引更多投资,同时也能增加居民就业岗位;利用冬奥会这个舞台提升张家口市的国际知名度和国际形象,将崇礼区打造成真正的中国国际特色旅游目的地;通过举办冰雪项目主题活动和比赛推广冰雪运动,丰富当地居民的休闲娱乐生活等。

再次,根据居民对冬奥会影响感知和支持度的不同,可以将居民分为乐观者、现实主义者和漠视者。乐观者居民能认识到冬奥会带来的积极影响和消极影响,但他们认为冬奥会带来的积极影响高于消极影响;现实主义者居民认为冬奥会带来的积极影响和消极影响相当;漠视者居民对冬奥会带来的积极影响和消极影响感知都较小。调查结果显示,经济欠发达地区的居民期望从大型体育赛事中获得收益的同时也能感知到其带来的消极影响,这与发达地区居民对大型体育活动的感知有着较为明显的差异(Fredline & Faulkner,2000)。同时,不同类型的居民对2022年冬奥会的支持度存在显著差异,乐观者的支持度最高,因此,政府在2022年冬奥会的宣传推广过程中,应着力使现实主义者和漠视者向乐观者转化,提高居民对2022年冬奥会的支持度。

最后,张家口市居民对2022年冬奥会的支持度更多地由感知收益决定,而不是感知成本。张家口市居民的负面感知因素,即成本感知对冬奥会支持度无显著影响,说明无论是经济发达地区还是经济欠发达地区,在大型体育赛事举办之前,居民更多的是感知大型体育赛事带来的收益,尤其是经济利益(陈方英,2010;辜应康、杨杰,2015)。但是随着时间的推移,在大型体育赛事结束后,居民感知可能会发生变化(陈方英,2010;辜应康、杨杰,2015)。双因素理论提出保健因子在得到满足时不会造成人们的满意,但是得不到满足时则会让人产生强烈的不满情绪。因此,即使举办冬奥会带来的物价上涨、交通拥堵、污染物增多等负面感知因子尚未对张家口市居民的支持度造成显著影响,政府也应该通过公共管理手段,针对冬奥会期间的交通拥堵、环境污染等问题制定具体措施,从而减少或避免这些负面因素的产生。

本研究存在以下方面的不足:第一,受时间、资金等客观条件的限制,本研究仅在张家口市区的学校、社区、中心商圈和崇礼区等人流密集的场所进行了调查,对于受2022年冬奥会直接影响较小的张家口市其他地区的调查不足;第二,对于首次举办国际体育赛事的经济欠发达地区居民来说,赛前这种偏乐观的感知是否会随着赛事的临近而发生变化值得进一步研究;第三,关于调查对象与冬奥会筹备工作的关系是否对居民感知和支持度有影响这一问题,本研究没有关注,将来可以考虑加入该变量作进一步的探讨。


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[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2000, 27(3): 763~784.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

The cell wall polysaccharides of certain oral streptococci function as receptors for the lectin-like surface adhesins on other members of the oral biofilm community. Recognition of these receptor polysaccharides (RPS) depends on the presence of a host-like motif, either GalNAcbeta1-3Gal (Gn) or Galbeta1-3GalNAc (G), within the oligosaccharide repeating units of different RPS structural types. Type 2Gn RPS of Streptococcus gordonii 38 and type 2G RPS of Streptococcus oralis J22 are composed of heptasaccharide repeats that are identical except for their host-like motifs. In the current investigation, the genes for the glycosyltransferases that synthesize these motifs were identified by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of genetically altered polysaccharides. RPS production was switched from type 2Gn to 2G by replacing wefC and wefD in the type 2Gn gene cluster of S. gordonii 38 with wefF and wefG from the type 2G cluster of S. oralis J22. Disruption of either wefC or wefF abolished cell surface RPS production. In contrast, disruption of wefD in the type 2Gn cluster or wefG in the type 2G cluster eliminated beta-GalNAc from the Gn motif or beta-Gal from the G motif, resulting in mutant polysaccharides with hexa- rather than heptasaccharide subunits. The mutant polysaccharides reacted like wild-type RPS with rabbit antibodies against type 2Gn or 2G RPS but were inactive as co-aggregation receptors. Additional mutant polysaccharides with GalNAcbeta1-3GalNAc or Galbeta1-3Gal recognition motifs were engineered by replacing wefC in the type 2Gn cluster with wefF or wefF in the type 2G cluster with wefC respectively. The reactions of these genetically modified polysaccharides as antigens and receptors provide further insight into the structural basis of RPS function.
[9] Gursoy D, Kendall K W.

Hosting mega events: Modeling locals’ support

[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006, 33(3): 603~623.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

Abstract

This study develops and tests a structural model to assess key factors on residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the 2002 Winter Olympics as a mega tourism event and how these perceptions affect their support. The model is based on previous literature and uses data collected during the event. Community backing for mega events is affected directly and/or indirectly by five determinants of support: the level of community concern, ecocentric values, community attachment, perceived benefits, and perceived costs. There are interactions between costs and benefit factors, and support relies heavily on perceived benefits rather than costs. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Résumé

L’accueil des méga-événements: modelage du soutien des habitants. Cette étude développe et met à l’essai un modèle structurel pour évaluer des facteurs clé pour les perceptions des habitants au sujet des impacts des Jeux Olympiques d’hiver 2002 comme méga-événement de tourisme et voir comment ces perceptions influent sur leur soutien. Le modèle est basé sur la littérature antérieure et utilise des données cueillies pendant l’événement. Le soutien communautaire des méga-événements est influé directement et/ou indirectement par cinq déterminants: niveau de préoccupation communautaire, valeurs écocentriques, attachement communautaire, bénéfices perçus et coûts perçus. Il y a des interactions entre les facteurs liés aux coûts et bénéfices, et le soutien dépend beaucoup des bénéfices perçus plutôt que des coûts. On discute des implications théoriques et gestionnaires.

[10] Hall C M.

Mega-events and their legacies

[M]//Murphy P E. Quality Management in Urban Tourism. Chichester: Wiley, 1997: 75~87.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

Sports mega-events, such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games, have the potential to inspire increases in population physical activity, yet investigations concerning such legacy outcomes have been inconclusive. This may be due to research design limitations or inconsistent leveraging of potential hosting benefits by event organizers. This systematic review aims to identify current knowledge about the capacity of sports mega-events to inspire increases in physical activity participation among adult populations and develop a research agenda to guide future legacy evaluations. Peer-reviewed, English-language studies published on or after the year 2000 were considered. Six academic databases and grey literature sources were searched, and articles were assessed for methodological quality. Reporting followed PRISMA conventions for systematic reviews. Nine studies were selected after quality evaluation, including previous reviews, quantitative and qualitative research. Most studies found no evidence for long-term physical activity outcomes associated with hosting sports mega-events, although limitations and gaps were identified. These included lack of longitudinal or cohort studies, limited differentiation of subpopulations, use of non-validated instruments, and lack of triangulation for qualitative findings. Only one cohort study from Japan identified sustainable and significant physical activity increases resulting from a previous sports mega-event. Considering theory, the commonly cited Demonstration Effect was reportedly an unreliable framework, although the Festival Effect and Social Ecological Model appear more promising for anticipating and explaining legacy effects. With less than two years until the Tokyo 2020 Olympiad, it is appropriate to commence high-quality legacy research drawing on lessons learned from previous studies.
[11] Hiller H H.

The urban transformation of a landmark event: The 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics

[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 1990, 26(1): 118~137.

[本文引用: 1]     

[12] Jafari J.

Tourism mega-events

[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1988, 15(2): 272~273.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

Presented data is related to the research article "Sochi 2014 Olympics on Twitter: Perspectives of Hosts and Guests" [2].  The data were collected through regular API Twitter search for five months windowing 2014 Sochi Olympic Games and further used for cluster analysis and analysis of the sentiment on the Games. The main dataset contains 616 thousand tweets, rigorously cleaned and filtered to remove irrelevant content. To comply with the Twitter API user agreement, the dataset presented in this article includes only generalized daily data with all information contained in individual tweets removed. The proposed use of the dataset is academic research of changing discussion on the topics related to Mega-events in conjunction with political events.
[13] Jones C.

Mega-events and host-region impacts: Determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup

[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2001, 3(3): 241~251.

[本文引用: 1]     

[14] Kim H J, Gursoy D, Lee S B.

The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of pre-and post-games

[J]. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(1): 86~96.

[本文引用: 3]     

[15] Kim N S, Chalip L.

Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints

[J]. Tourism Management, 2004, 25(6): 695~707.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

Abstract

Events have become a significant component of destination marketing. Previous work suggests that event interest, risk constraint, and financial constraint will affect potential attendees’ desire to attend and their sense that it is feasible to attend. For large sport events, interest in the event and perceived constraints should derive from the level of fan motives, travel motivations, and the potential attendee's background. These expectations are tested in a survey of 556 members of American soccer clubs prior to the FIFA World Cup. Results were generally consistent with expectations, although some motives had both positive and negative effects. Event interest and constraints fully mediated the effects of motives and background on respondents’ sense that it was feasible for them to attend. Financial constraint did not affect desire to attend. The desire to learn about the host country had direct effects on interest in the event and the desire to attend the event. Results suggest the value of segmented sport event marketing that appeals to both travel and fan motives.

[16] Kim S S, James P F.

Residents’ perceptions on impacts of the FIFA 2002 World Cup: The case of Seoul as a host city

[J]. Tourism Management, 2005, 26(1): 25~38.

[本文引用: 7]     

[17] Kim W, Jun H M, Walker M, et al.

Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation

[J]. Tourism Management, 2015(48): 21~32.

[本文引用: 5]     

[18] Liu D F, Wilson R.

The negative impacts of hosting mega-sporting events and intention to travel: A test of the crowding-out effect using the London 2012 Games as an example

[J]. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2014, 15(3): 12~26.

[本文引用: 1]     

[19] Lorde T, Greenidge D, Devonish D.

Local residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 on Barbados: Comparisons of pre- and post-games

[J]. Tourism Management, 2011, 32(2): 349~356.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

This study analysed Barbadians' perceptions of the impacts on Barbados of jointly hosting the International Cricket Council Cricket World Cup 2007. The aim was to investigate the pre- and post-perceptions of Barbadian residents on the impacts (direct and indirect) of hosting the ICC CWC 2007. Statistically significant differences between pre- and post-games perceptions were found for all seven factors: benefits of cultural exchange, social problems, economic benefits, natural resource and cultural development, traffic congestion and pollution, price increases, and construction costs. While pre-games expectations were that the costs of hosting CWC 2007 would outweigh the benefits, after the games Barbadians perceived that the benefits had outweighed the costs. Within this context, it is recommended that there be a greater level of engagement with local residents prior to hosting a mega-event, to maximise benefits, minimise costs, and ensure successful outcomes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
[20] Mihalik B J, Cummings P.

Host perceptions of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics: Support, attendance, benefits and liabilities

[C]//Travel and Tourism Research Association 26th Annual Proceedings. Wheat Ridge, CO: Travel and Tourism Research Association, 1995: 397~400.

[本文引用: 1]     

[21] Mihalik B J, Simonetta L.

A Midterm assessment of the host population’s perceptions of the 1996 Summer Olympics: Support, attendance, benefits, and liabilities

[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1999, 37(3): 244~248.

[本文引用: 1]     

[22] Oshimi D, Harada M, Fukuhara T.

Residents’ perceptions on the social impacts of an international sport event: Applying panel data design and a moderating variable

[J]. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 2016, 17(4): 294~317.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

Digoxin is cardiac glycosylated steroid like drug which is the fifth most commonly prescribed in US. Since the health of human population is largely determined by pharmacy they utilized, toxicity and side effects of pharmaceutics can put the safety of people in jeopardy and lead to some devastating impacts. Therefore, it is essential to detect and monitor small molecules like digoxin more meticulously. Although digoxin has positive inotropic and batmotropic impact on heart muscle, it has also negative chronotropic and dromotropic effect. The prescription dose of this drug is 1-2 ng/ml and more than 2.8 ng/ml of this medication cause toxicity. Hence, there is small variation between therapeutic and toxic dosage of digoxin. Abundant conventional methods have been introduced for digoxin monitoring such Liquid chromatography (LC), LC-MS, HPLC. However, they suffer expensive equipment, long lasting procedure and high limit of detection. Hence, various advance immunosorbent, biosensors and aptasensors have been introduced. The purpose of this review is limited to pointing convention methods drawbacks and introducing novel digoxin enzyme-linked or non-enzymatic immunosorbent assays, and biosensors paying special attention to their basic strategies and detection abilities. Future trends in Bio and immune sensors used for onset monitoring and detection of digoxin are also highlighted.
[23] Pranić L, Pranić L, Cetinić L.

Host population perceptions of the social impacts of sport tourism events in transition countries

[J]. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2012, 3(3): 236~256.

[本文引用: 1]     

[24] Ritchie J R B.

Assessing the impact of hallmark events: Conceptual and research issues

[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1984, 23(1): 2~11.

[本文引用: 5]     

[25] Ritchie J B R, Smith B H.

The impact of a mega-event on host region awareness: A longitudinal study

[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 1991, 30(1): 3~10.

[本文引用: 2]     

[26] Ritchie B W, Shipway R, Cleeve B.

Resident perceptions of mega-sporting events: A non-host city perspective of the 2012 London Olympic Games

[J]. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 2009, 14(2~3): 143~167.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

We analyse the lower ionosphere disturbances in the time period around the Mw 5.4 Kraljevo earthquake (EQ), which occurred on 3 November 2010 in Serbia. The results presented herein are based on analysis of the amplitudes of three VLF signals emitted in Italy, UK, and Germany and recorded in Serbia whose variations primarily result from changes in the electrical properties of the lower ionosphere at a distance more than 120 km from the epicentre of the EQ. The primary goals of this study are to reveal specific variations as possible EQ precursors as well as disturbances following the EQ event recorded by the observational equipment, and to investigate whether better time resolution data can affect the analysis of the lower ionosphere disturbances possibly connected to the EQ. We process two sets of data with sampling periods of 1 min and 0.1 s. As the first analysis indicates the absence of long-term disturbances, which can clearly be connected to the Kraljevo EQ, our attention is focused on the study of short-period noise amplitude and the excitation and attenuation of acoustic and gravity waves in the lower ionosphere. Processing of the amplitudes of three VLF signals during the nights of the four EQs with magnitude greater than 4 that occurred in Serbia, as well as EQs of all magnitudes during the three days of 3, 4, and 9 November, indicates that the detected ICV radio signal noise amplitude reduction starting before the Kaljevo EQ is also observed for 13 additional EQ events near the signal propagation path, and occurred during all three days (for all EQs with magnitude greater than 4 and several less intensive events). Excitation and attenuation of acoustic waves are also found for all these EQ events with a magnitude greater than 4.
[27] Vetitnev A M, Bobina N.

Residents’ perceptions of the 2014 Sochi Olympic Games

[J]. Leisure Studies, 2017, 36(1): 108~118.

[本文引用: 2]     

[28] Waitt G.

Social impacts of the Sydney Olympics

[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2003, 30(1): 194~215.

[本文引用: 7]      摘要

Abstract

This paper, drawing on social exchange theory, examines the changes in enthusiasm between 1998 and 2000 towards Sydney’s Olympics among a socially diverse sample of host city residents. In particular, it studies variables that differentiate respondents’ altering attitude. Results suggest that for the majority the reaction to Sydney’s Olympics intensified from 1998, reaching euphoria in September 2000. Elation was particularly evident among those living in the city’s western suburbs, those with dependent children, those from non-English backgrounds, or who perceived the event’s wider economic benefits as outweighing personal costs. Implications arising from this project are considered for future researchers and organizers of hallmark events.

Résumé

Impact social des Jeux olympiques de Sydney. Cet article, qui fait appel à la théorie d’échange social, examine les changements dans le niveau d’enthousiasme entre 1998 et 2000 envers les JO de Sydney parmi un échantillon socialement divers des habitants de la ville d’accueil. En particulier, il examine les variables qui différencient les attitudes changeantes des personnes interrogées. Les résultats suggèrent que, pour la majorité, la réaction aux Jeux olympiques s’intensifiait dès 1998 et a atteint l’euphorie en septembre 2000. L’exultation était évidente surtout parmi ceux qui habitaient la banlieue ouest de la ville, ceux qui avaient des enfants à charge, ceux des milieux non anglophones et ceux qui percevaient que les bénéfices économiques plus larges l’emportaient sur les coûts personnels. Les implications suscitées par ce projet sont considérées pour les chercheurs futurs et pour les organisateurs d’événements de marque.

[29] 陈方英.

城市居民对重大事件感知与态度的纵向变化研究——以青岛市举办2008奥帆赛为例

[J]. 旅游学刊, 2010, 25(10): 77~84.

[本文引用: 4]     

[30] 陈楠, 乔光辉.

游客及本地居民对重大事件活动旅游期望的实证研究——以2010年上海世博会为例

[J]. 兰州学刊, 2009(3): 184~188.

[本文引用: 1]     

[31] 崔晓明, Ryan C.

欠发达地区居民对旅游影响的感知和态度的实证研究

[J]. 西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2010, 31(8): 187~191.

[本文引用: 1]     

[32] 戴林琳, 盖世杰.

节事旅游对乡村聚落影响的居民感知差异研究——以京郊江水河村和长哨营村为例

[J]. 人文地理, 2011, 26(4): 109~114.

[本文引用: 1]     

[33] 辜应康, 杨杰.

居民对重大事件影响的感知变化研究——基于上海世博会举办前后的比较

[J]. 经济管理, 2015, 37(7): 127~137.

[本文引用: 4]     

[34] 胡军.

居民对青奥会感知及其支持度的研究——基于社会交换理论视角

[J]. 体育与科学, 2011, 32(6): 53~57.

[本文引用: 2]     

[35] 廉涛, 黄海燕.

举办地居民对国际体育赛事支持态度的影响因素

[J]. 中国体育科技, 2017, 53(1): 17~26.

[本文引用: 1]     

[36] 卢松, 张捷, 李东, .

旅游地居民对旅游影响感知和态度的比较——以西递景区与九寨沟景区为例

[J]. 地理学报, 2008, 63(6): 646~656.

[本文引用: 1]     

[37] 罗秋菊, 卢相宇.

大型体育事件游客消费经济影响实证研究——以第16届广州亚运会为例

[J]. 体育科学, 2011, 31(9): 3~18, 50.

[本文引用: 5]     

[38] 吕君.

欠发达地区社区参与旅游发展的影响因素及系统分析

[J]. 世界地理研究, 2012, 21(2): 118~128.

[本文引用: 1]     

[39] 马明.

2008年青岛奥帆赛的社会影响研究——基于目的地居民感知的视角

[J]. 中国体育科技, 2009, 45(5): 111~115.

[本文引用: 3]     

[40] 王起静.

居民对大型活动支持度的影响因素分析——以2008年北京奥运会为例

[J]. 旅游科学, 2010, 24(3): 63~74.

[本文引用: 5]     

[41] 许春晓, 柴晓敏, 付淑礼.

城市居民对重大事件的感知变化研究——2006杭州世界休闲博览会期间的纵向研究

[J]. 旅游学刊, 2007, 22(11): 89~94.

[本文引用: 2]     

[42] 杨杰, 辜应康, 苑炳慧.

基于居民感知的2010世博会的多维效应研究

[J]. 华东经济管理, 2010, 24(6): 29~33.

[本文引用: 1]     

[43] 宗圆圆.

欠发达地区旅游开发中的农民参与机制与治道研究

[J]. 旅游论坛, 2008, 1(3): 326~331.

[本文引用: 1]     

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