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旅游导刊  2018 , 2 (6): 47-62 https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.84

Research Paper

民族传统村落村民文化适应的维度研究——基于黔东南三个侗族村寨的实证研究

范莉娜

贵州民族大学旅游与航空服务学院 贵州贵阳 550025

Dimensions of Acculturation for Native in Ethnic Traditional Villages: An Empirical Study based on Three Dong Villages in Southeast Guizhou

FAN Lina

Department of Tourism and Air Service, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China

中图分类号:  F59

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  2096-3238(2018)06-0047-16

收稿日期: 2018-06-4

修回日期:  2018-09-23

网络出版日期:  2018-11-30

版权声明:  2018 《旅游导刊》编辑部 《旅游导刊》编辑部 所有

基金资助:  本研究受国家民委民族研究项目基金“民族地区旅游精准扶贫与传统村落内生性参与能力培育研究”(项目编号:2018-GMH-005)、贵州省社科基金“文化适应与贵州民族旅游村寨‘美好生活需要’满足路径研究”(项目编号:18GZYB56)资助

作者简介:

[作者简介] 范莉娜(1979— ),女,上海人,博士,贵州民族大学旅游与航空服务学院副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:民族旅游与旅游扶贫。E-mail:flili79@sina.com

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摘要

本文以贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州3个侗族传统村落的526位村民为调查对象,利用SL-ASIA量表检测他们的文化适应情况。研究把村民随机分成人数大致相等的两组相对独立样本,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析在SL-ASIA问项测量下发现了黔东南侗族村寨原住民的文化适应具有民族认同、社会交往交流、日常生活行为3个维度。从3个维度的均值可以初步判定尽管侗族村寨原住民在日常生活行为中受现代化节奏影响明显,但其内里的族群认同依然很强,侗语作为母语的使用场合和使用频率都很高,村民普遍人际交往圈子较窄,是典型的熟人社会。

关键词: 文化适应 ; 民族传统村落 ; 社区居民 ; 文化适应维度

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to develop a multidimensional acculturation in the context of the development of ethnic traditional villages. Based on acculturation theory, the study selected 526 residents who were all from the three typical villages of Dong minority in the southeast of Guizhou. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to the responses of two respective independent samples of native in villages on the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA). Three correlated dimensions were found to underlie SL-ASIA items, namely ethnic identity, social communication and conducts of daily life. This paper not only verifies the validity of the SL-AISA scale in Chinese context, but also finds that although the SL-AISA scale is a single linear model, it is indeed multidimensional. As indicated by the empirical findings of this research, individuals can experience more than one culture at the same time. Residents in the dimension of social communication and ethnic identity are more manifested as Dong culture-oriented biculturalism, while residents in the dimension of daily life behavior are more manifested as true biculturalism. From the average of the three dimensions, it can be preliminarily determined that although the "Coca-Cola" phenomenon in the daily life behavior of the Dong minority is more obvious, however, the ethnic identity is still very strong. The percentage of use of the Dong language as a mother tongue is very high. The villagers have a narrow circle of interpersonal relationships and are deeply embedded in the small groups of the villagers' society. It is a typical society of acquaintances. Ethnic traditional village managers should know the acculturation status of local residents and on this basis help residents adapt to cultural changes and motivate their supportive behaviour for development, thus exploring a way for numerous ethnic villages to effectively improve the life quality and solve the livelihood issues of local residents, meanwhile to truly safeguard the ethnic dignity of individuals and protect unique cultural heritages.

Keywords: acculturation ; ethnic traditional villages ; community residents ; dimensions of acculturation

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本文引用格式 导出 EndNote Ris Bibtex

范莉娜. 民族传统村落村民文化适应的维度研究——基于黔东南三个侗族村寨的实证研究[J]. 旅游导刊, 2018, 2(6): 47-62 https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.84

FAN Lina. Dimensions of Acculturation for Native in Ethnic Traditional Villages: An Empirical Study based on Three Dong Villages in Southeast Guizhou[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2018, 2(6): 47-62 https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.84

引言

近年来,民族传统村落以其优美的自然生态环境、特色鲜明的民居建筑、异彩纷呈的民俗和热情淳朴的民风受到国内外旅游者的追捧,成为体验异质文化和回归自然的首选之地,吸引大量旅游者的涌入(范莉娜,2017)。然而,由于中国现代化、城镇化的发展,村落中外出务工人员增多,村内村外人员频繁流动,这些客观因素加速了外来文化对少数民族传统文化的冲击。在主动或被动地与外界接触的过程中,由于不同文化间的差异,留守村寨的村民普遍会面临两种不适应:一是社会文化不适应,如对社区现代化发展无法做出适宜的行为、学习适合的技能、适应新的人际间互动方式等;二是心理上不适应,如伴随旅游者这样的跨文化人群涌入产生一系列消极情感,包括挫折、焦虑、自卑、嫉妒、生气和迷惑等(Choney,Berryhill-Paapke & Robbins,1995;Berno,1999;Duran,2006)。这两种不适应若长期存在,会对个体造成身心伤害,对整个村落造成文化破坏,导致深刻的代际贫困和持续的身份冲突(Duran,2006)。文化适应是一个适应新文化环境的过程,包括一个人在新环境中态度、行为和认知的变化(Tsai,Chentsova-Dutton & Wong,2002)。它涉及跨文化交互环境下个体希望接受外来文化和保持自身文化的程度(Berry,2003)。需要指出的是,对文化适应的研究大多聚焦在移民、难民、旅居者或是在主流文化环境下学习的少数民族学生等群体而非东道主成员(彼得•史密斯、彭迈克、齐丹•库查巴莎,2009),少有学者去关注多民族国家或地区中的少数民族原住民在非自愿状态下与主流文化接触时的文化适应状况。事实上,理解民族传统村落居民的文化适应对于理解社区本土文化保留与传承的有效性(Choney,Berryhill-Paapke & Robbins,1995;Duran,2006),对于乡愁、乡情的营造都是非常必要的。

本文基于社会心理学背景下的文化适应理论,利用已被广泛使用的亚洲人自我认同文化适应量表(The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation Scale,SL-ASIA)测量模型,来分析贵州省黔东南侗族村寨原住民的文化适应状况。

一、理论背景

1. 文化适应概念

当前,使用频率最高的是美国人类学家Redfield于1936年给出的定义,即文化适应是由个体组成且具有不同文化的两个群体之间发生持续的、直接的文化接触,导致一方或双方原有文化模式发生变化的现象(Sam & Berry,2006)。对文化适应的研究最初出现在人类学领域里,研究集中于群体水平的文化适应,关注社会结构、经济基础、政治组织以及文化习俗的改变(杨宝琰、万明钢,2010)。现今,这个概念更多地被引入心理学领域,对个体进行探究,关注面对面持续跨文化接触时不同群体及群体成员产生的改变,通常被用来解释个体与新文化碰撞时会发生些什么(Matsudaira,2006;王挺,2013)。研究结果一般是态度行为变化、情绪调整、压力处理、偏好选择以及价值观认同等,包括跨文化接触中的心理健康和生活满意度,或是能否与不同的文化群体进行有效的接触和互动(杨宝琰、万明钢,2010)。加拿大著名跨文化心理学家Berry(1980)把文化适应界定为两个或两个以上具有不同文化的群体及其成员在相互直接、持续的接触中所产生的文化和心理双方面的变化过程,发生改变的既可能是某一群体及其成员,也可能是接触双方。Choney(1995)等学者在研究北美印第安人原住民的文化适应时把文化适应界定为个体接受、拥护主流文化(白人/欧美文化)和部落文化的程度。我国学者王挺(2013)在对海南黎族的文化适应情况进行研究时认为,居民文化适应具体指经济建设和旅游发展背景下,社区居民与外来者(旅游者)在不同文化间持续、直接接触时对新环境的适应与经历的心理变化,包括客观外在的行为、态度和主观内在的认同,是个体心理及行为有意识、有倾向地对文化情境变化作出选择和调整的行为过程。到目前为止,对文化适应概念的界定在学术界并未取得共识。

2. 文化适应方式

对文化适应的研究通常从新文化和原文化两者之间的关系入手。新文化和原文化适应(或融入)的差异显示出个体间文化适应方式的差异。可以把文化适应方式看作新文化适应程度高低和原文化适应程度高低进行组合的各种模式。文化适应方式中最常见的两种理论模型是单线性模型和双线性模型(Graves,1967)。研究者们最初认为文化适应是一个一维线性的过程,一端是原文化,另一端是主流新文化,是一种个体从原文化的持有到原文化的完全丧失,成为主流文化的一员,接受所有主流文化的价值观念、态度、行为的模式(Flannery,Reise & Yu,2001)。在单线性模型中对主流文化的适应必然伴随着与自己原文化关系的弱化,以至于文化适应后的个体几乎完全放弃了自己的原文化(Flannery,Reise & Yu,2001)。文化适应双线性模型假设个体有可能在不放弃原文化的同时去适应主流文化,即个体把原文化和主流文化进行融合。由于单线性模型过于简单化使得双线性模型成为当前及未来的研究热点,但对虽然身处主流社会大环境中却世居于自己文化圈的少数民族原住民来说,绝大多数学者还是选择单线性模型来进行测量(Garrett & Pichette,2000;Liou,2013)。因为原住民虽然会受到外来文化冲击,但不会像移民、难民、旅居者、求学者们那样需要融入主流文化之中,主动或被动地去感受和进行变化。当原住民面对跨文化接触所引起的文化不适应时,熟悉的居住环境、社交圈子都是规避风险的屏障和缓减压力的良药,他们的文化适应过程与其他群体相比会更缓慢和更轻柔。Dao、Teten和Nguyen(2011)也认为单线性模型更适合解释多民族国家中,处于文化相对弱势的少数民族原住民在主流文化冲击下的文化适应,而双线性模型在诠释移民、旅游者、难民等群体在东道主地区的文化适应时更胜一筹。

3. 对SL-ASIA量表的评价

我国在心理层面上对个体文化适应的研究较少,更勿论聚焦在民族传统村落村民身上。鉴于黔东南侗族传统村落独特的历史、文化及可用于评估其文化适应工具的有限性,本文将用SL-ASIA量表来检验侗族村民的文化适应状态和结构,以此推进对特定地域、特定族群文化适应的了解。

文化适应单线性模型研究中最经典的当属SL-ASIA量表,它是第一个为亚裔美国人构建的单线性量表,也是文化适应测量中最普遍使用的量表(Suinn,Rickard-Figueroa & Lew,et al.,1987)。很多文化适应的测量量表都是在这个经典量表基础上进行构建的(Cheng & Hsu,1995;Zimmerman,Ramirez-Valles & Washienko,et al.,1996;Becker,Fay & Agnew-Blais,et al.,2010;Reynolds,Sodano & Ecklund,et al.,2012;Archibald & Rhodd,2013;Liou,2013),诸多学者用这个经典量表对特定原住民群体进行过测量研究(Kodama & Canetto,1995;Rudmin,2009;Becker,Fay & Agnew-Blais,et al.,2010;Reynolds,Sodano & Ecklund,et al.,2012;Liou,2013)。SL-ASIA量表有21个问项,包括个人行为偏好(5个问项)、语言使用(4个问项)、民族认同(4个问项)、朋友选择(3个问项)、代际/地域背景(4个问项)和态度(1个问项)。所有测量问项采用五级李克特量表来进行,依据文化适应程度分成了5类:非常亚洲化、亚洲文化导向的双文化主义、真正的双文化主义、英语导向的双文化主义和非常英语化。

二、研究设计

1. 案例地概况

本研究的案例地是3个侗族村寨:黎平黄岗侗寨、从江小黄侗寨和黎平肇兴侗寨。它们位于贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州,因处崇山峻岭之中而保存了特有的民风民俗。整个黔东南生活着苗、侗、布依等33个少数民族,这里的侗族是仅次于苗族的第二大族群,人口达到了135.42万人,占黔东南人口总数的29.9%,也占中国将近一半的侗族人口,所以黔东南被视作侗文化中心,也是贵州最重要的民族文化旅游胜地。

3个侗寨均是典型的民族传统村落,它们拥有独特的建筑(鼓楼、风雨桥、民居等)和保存完好的民俗文化(侗年、侗族大歌、芦笙舞、传统服饰、侗绣和本地饮食等)。尽管3个寨子处于旅游发展生命周期的不同阶段,但都把旅游业作为本地当前或未来的支柱产业。黎平黄岗侗寨地处黎平县东南部,全村有368户共1 719人,保存和延续着上千年的传统生产生活习俗。从江小黄侗寨位于从江县城东北部,全村有742户共3 339人,是天下闻名的“侗歌之乡”和“音乐天堂”,居民均系侗族。肇兴侗寨位于黎平县东南部,是贵州最出名的侗寨,也是中国最为知名的少数民族旅游村寨之一,距今已有850年历史,目前全寨有1 143户共4 500多人,99.5%以上人口为侗族。

2. 数据获取及使用程序

本研究首先开展小规模深度访谈,于2015年1月至2月在贵州黔东南肇兴侗寨、黄岗侗寨和小黄侗寨进行,访谈对象为寨中居民。在深度访谈基础上的大规模调研于2015年7月至8月在3个侗寨展开。本研究因时间和经费所限,参考马庆国(2002)提出的抽样建议,采取的是非概率抽样中的便利抽样方法(convenience sampling),即研究者在3个民族村寨中按照最方便的方式选择被调查人。因考虑到部分居民不会说汉语,调研团队6位成员里安排了2位会说侗语的大学生(其中一位便是肇兴侗寨本地居民)。在肇兴侗寨(7月16日至19日)和小黄侗寨(7月31日至8月2日)的调研过程中,虽然采取的是便利抽样调查方式,但考虑到周末、周中及白天、夜晚寨中村民类别存在差异,以上时段均选择了调研对象。黄岗侗寨调研时间(7月27日至29日)选择在当地最为盛大的节庆“喊天节”期间,有许多外出务工村民回家过节,这3天也吸引了四面八方的侗族村民前来黄岗做客、走亲戚。调研团队在黄岗侗寨采用随机拦截方式发放问卷,也在熟人帮助下随机选择民宅入户并请居民现场进行问卷填答。3个村寨共发放问卷600份。对于回收的问卷遵循下列原则进行筛选:(1)问卷中有关键变量项缺失的删除;(2)问卷整页全部选择一个选项的删除;(3)问项中正向条款与对应反向条款相互矛盾的删除。剔除74份无效问卷后最终得到有效问卷526份,问卷有效回收率为87.7%。

为确认SL-ASIA量表测量的有效性,本文将3个村寨获得的样本按各村寨人数比例随机分成人数基本相同的两组(Ecklund,2005;Reynolds,Ecklund & Terrance,2011)。使用一组样本借助探索性因子分析检验侗寨原住民的文化适应情况及内在维度,使用另一组样本借助验证性因子分析来交叉验证第一组样本里提出的维度模型,以观察和确认派生出的各个维度的内部一致性。

3. 测量

本研究问卷由社会人口统计学变量和SL-ASIA文化适应测量量表两部分构成。受访村民先填写性别、年龄、受教育程度等信息,再对潜变量测量问项进行自评。为保证研究的信度与效度,所有变量均采用已有研究文献中的量表进行测量,并用反向翻译法将英文原始量表译为中文。

通过小规模深度访谈发现,需要对SL-ASIA量表的部分测量问项进行调整,使其更符合实际情况和更具针对性。如侗族只有语言而无文字,所以删除问项“写字时使用的语言”;3个侗寨里的居民95%以上都是在寨子里土生土长的,其父母辈与其他族群的人通婚的很少,因此删除“您母亲的民族身份”“您父亲的民族身份”“您出生的地方”“您成长的社区”4个问项。而正因为村子里的人几乎都是土生土长的侗族原住民,他们从出生到年少时的朋友几乎都是侗族人,所以删除了“出生到6岁期间的朋友”问项。最终问卷形成15个问项,如“您在家使用的语言是什么?”“您对自己的身份是如何认定的?”等。调研时请居民采用李克特五点量表对问题进行了1~5的选择(1=完全的侗文化偏好;2=侗文化导向的双文化主义;3=真正的双文化主义;4=汉文化导向的双文化主义;5=完全的汉文化偏好)。该量表在本文中的信度系数为0.73,表明量表具有良好的信度。总样本的人口统计学特征如表1所示。

表1   样本人口统计学特征(n=526)

Tab. 1   Demographic profiles of the research sample(n=526)

调查项目类别样本数比例(%)调查项目类别样本数比例(%)
性别29756.5家庭年收入
(元)

10 000及以下29055.1
22943.510 001~40 00016831.9
年龄



18岁及以下9117.340 001~70 000478.9
19~30岁18134.470 001~100 000122.3
31~40岁8816.7100 000以上91.8
41~50岁8315.8样本样本一26350
51~60岁366.8样本二26350
61岁及以上479.0
受教育程度

小学及以下20038.1居住地黎平肇兴侗寨22142.1
初中20538.9黎平黄岗侗寨15629.8
高中(含中专、中技)8516.2从江小黄侗寨14928.1
大学(含大专)及以上366.8

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三、数据分析和结果

首先利用探索性因子分析来考察样本1中村民文化适应变量结构多维度的可能性,在此基础上利用验证性因子分析对样本2中村民文化适应结构变量的维度是否真实存在作出评判。

1. 样本1:探索性因子分析

对样本1数据作探索性因子分析,得出KMO值为0.758,Bartlett球体检验结果显著,表明研究适合进行探索性因素分析。用方差最大法(Varimax)对测量问项进行因子旋转,抽取出3个共同因子。先后删除了因子负荷小于0.6的3个问项,余下12个问项析出3个因子共解释总变异的51.83%。本文用字母ACC来表示文化适应,具体见表2

表2   民族传统村落村民文化适应探索性因子分析结果(n=263)

Tab. 2   Results of exploratory factor analysis of ethnic traditional villagers’ acculturation scale items(n=263)

问项
编码
系数
问项描述因子1因子2因子3MSDh2Cronbach’α
系数
ACC2相信并认可的价值观—0.012—0.0760.7961.670.7610.6400.701
ACC1对自己身份的认定—0.0590.0910.7211.480.7300.531
ACC3民族自豪感—0.0420.0690.7171.730.8190.520
ACC4对文化的熟悉—0.1290.2470.4432.310.8910.256
ACC6朋友族群偏好0.8090.0480.0151.540.8720.6560.746
ACC8在家时使用的语言0.732—0.1490.0211.270.5470.559
ACC10更偏好说的语言0.6620.389—0.1321.930.8260.607
ACC7语言的熟悉程度0.6110.308—0.2402.070.6560.525
ACC15现在的朋友族群0.6000.048—0.0761.460.6150.368
ACC9思考时使用的语言0.5820.306—0.1531.890.9310.245
ACC5庆祝的节日0.4980.2750.0351.840.7960.368
ACC14服饰偏好—0.0760.7690.0803.121.0400.6030.735
ACC12食物偏好0.1110.6820.0622.460.9440.482
ACC11音乐偏好0.3090.6590.0732.421.0110.534
ACC13看电视语言偏好0.0360.6550.0853.541.0720.437
总方差解释比例(%) 51.830%
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)样本充分性检测*=0.758;Barlett’s球体检验的统计值=0.000

注:下划线“ ”表示此问项被删除;*指提纯后的KMO检验值。

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少数民族传统村落村民的文化适应通过旋转析出3个因子。对因子的取名主要依据其包括的测量问项内容。因子1包括“相信并认可的价值观”“对自己身份的认定”“民族自豪感”3个测量问项,主要反映了侗寨村民对自己侗族身份的认知,因此命名为民族认同。因子2包括“在家时使用的语言”“语言的熟悉程度”“更偏好说的语言”“现在的朋友族群”“朋友族群偏好”5个测量问项,是文化适应量表中最常使用的两个因素,即语言和社交,故命名为社会交往交流。因子3包括“食物偏好”“看电视语言偏好”“服饰偏好”“音乐(流行歌曲vs侗族大歌)偏好”4个测量问项,主要反映村寨居民在日常生活中的行为偏好,是文化适应量表中最常使用的行为因素,因此命名为日常生活行为。

表3列出了用SL-ASIA量表测量样本1中黔东南侗族村寨村民文化适应3个维度之间相互关系的描述性统计。各维度的Cronbach’s α系数范围为0.70~0.75,显示维度间有足够的内部一致性。从表3还可看出3个维度之间有显著正相关关系,侗寨村民民族认同感越强,与本族同胞交往交流的意愿越强烈,在日常生活行为中的侗族习俗偏好也会更明显。

表3   样本1中SL-ASIA量表维度的描述性统计和相关关系分析(n=263)

Tab. 3   Descriptive statistics and scale intercorrelations for SL-ASIA subscales in sample1(n=263)

xs民族认同社会交往交流日常生活行为Cronbach’α系数
民族认同1.630.5901.000.701
社会交往交流1.650.5030.152*1.000.746
日常生活行为2.880.7300.133*0.287**1.000.735

注:**表示p<0.01,*表示p<0.05,后文同。

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2. 样本2:验证性因子分析

本文尝试通过对样本2数据的验证性因子分析(CFA)来交叉验证样本1中SL-ASIA量表的三维结构。对于验证性因子分析,首先要看模型的整体拟合指标。这里运用AMOS 20.0软件来进行民族传统村落村民文化适应维度的整体拟合度评价(见表4)。考虑到数据的偏离正态性和相对较小的样本量,研究采用Satorra和Bentler(1994)稳健的参数估计方法测试了两个模型,即单因子模型和三因子相关模型(见图1)。单因子模型的CFA结果表明:Satorra和Bentler标度卡方是显著的,χ2(65)=363.577,p<0.001,RMSEA=0.132。本文使用了常用的几个指标(CFI、TLI和NFI)来评估模型拟合效果。单因子模型中CFI=0.557、TLI=0.468、NFI=0.565,这几个指标数值远低于Bentler认为可接受的临界值0.90。三因子相关模型的CFA结果为:Satorra和Bentler标度卡方显著,χ2(62)=111.169,p<0.001,指标CFI=0.927、TLI=0.908、NFI=0.929、RMSEA=0.055,所有拟合指标均大于建议的临界值0.90。相对于单因子模型,三因子相关模型的拟合性显示出相当大的改进。由此可以认为黔东南侗族村寨村民的文化适应三维度结构间具有良好的区分效度,这种维度划分是可以接受的。

表4   样本2中民族传统村落村民文化适应模型整体拟合指数结果(n=263)

Tab. 4   Results of overall fitness index of villagers’ acculturation model in Ethnic Traditional Villages in sample 2(n=263)

模型χ2χ2/dfRMSEACFINFITLI
单因子模型363.5775.590.1320.5570.5650.468
模型χ2χ2/dfRMSEACFINFITLI
相关三因子模型111.1691.7930.0550.9270.9290.908

注:单因子模型中,将所有项目归属于同一个潜在因子;三因子相关模型中,将“社会交往交流”“日常生活行为”和“民族认同”合并为一个两两相关的潜在因子。

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图1   文化适应模型的潜在结构

Fig. 1   Two potential models of the structure of the acculturation scaleTwo potential models of the structure of the acculturation scale

本研究采用荣泰生(2010)建议的方法,通过潜变量平均方差萃取值(AVE)的平方根与潜变量之间相关系数比较大小来进一步检验它们之间的区别效度。如表5所示,各潜变量间的相关系数均低于0.80,可证明变量间相关水平是合适的。各潜变量之间相关系数均小于其对应的AVE平方根,由此说明模型的区别效度较好,能够避免回归分析中存在的多重共线性问题。通过表5还可看出,本研究3个维度之间存在着显著相关关系,证实它们之间存在密切联系。

表5   模型潜变量区分效度检验(n=263)

Tab. 5   Latent variable discriminant validity test(n=263)

变量平均值标准差123
1民族认同1.730.6400.67
变量平均值标准差123
2社会交往交流1.770.5400.122*0.65
3日常生活行为2.980.7680. 191*0.324**0.62

注:对角线加粗数字为变量AVE的平方根。

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四、结论与管理启示

1. 结论

(1)民族传统村落村民文化适应是一个多维构念

本文在贵州黔东南3个侗族传统村落,利用经典量表SL-AISA把526位村民随机分成了两组独立样本,进行特定族群的文化适应检验。对样本1数据进行探索性分析后得出了黔东南侗寨原住民文化适应由民族认同、社会交往交流、日常生活行为3个相关维度组成的结论。对样本2数据进行验证性分析的结果支持了三因子相关模型的结构有效性,确定了文化适应中民族认同、社会交往交流、日常生活行为3个特定维度。本研究的三维结论与Kim和Abreu(2001)对文化适应的认知、社交、行为三维度解释相符。Cuellar、Harris和Jasso(1980)对墨西哥裔美国人,Landrine 和Klonoff(1994)对非裔美国人,Zimmerman、Ramirez-Valles和Washienko等(1996)以及Garrett和Pichette(2000)对生活在美国的印第安原住民,Deng和Walker(2007)对加拿大华人,张劲梅和张庆林(2008)对中国西南地区少数民族大学生,Lerman、Maldonado和Luna(2009)对墨西哥裔西班牙人,Becker、Fay和Agnew-Blais等(2010)对斐济原住民,Reynolds、Sodano和Ecklund等(2012)对美国原住民,Archibald和Rhodd(2013)对美洲加勒比原住民及王挺(2013)对中国海南黎族原住民的文化适应测量中都析出过类似的因子,这些学者在相同因子的赋名上略有不同,但意思相近,说明生活在主流文化中的少数群体其文化适应包含的组成部分具有一定普适性。

尽管SL-AISA量表是最为广泛使用的经典量表,但并未有对其进行维度检验的研究。本文不仅验证了SL-AISA量表在中国情境中的有效性,也发现虽然SL-AISA量表是单线性模型,却并不妨碍它的多维化,这也与Matsudaira(2006)Rudmin(2009)提出的文化适应是多维的且维度会因特定文化变化而变化的观点一致。其中,民族认同这一维度是基于内部主观的、认知层面的表现,社会交往交流和日常生活行为两个维度是基于外在的、行为层面上的表现,这种多维结构能够更好地区分民族传统村落村民在文化适应中的个体差异。

(2)民族传统村落村民文化适应的维度剖析

本研究对黔东南侗寨原住民文化适应的评价有更深刻、更完整的理解。在第一个因素“民族认同”上得分较高的人不太可能将本族群文化作为自身文化认知的核心部分,因为他们在现代化、城镇化进程中被主流汉文化的同化程度较高,他们对于本土文化没有强认同。那些在“民族认同”中获得低分的人与本土自我联系更紧密,愿意参与传统活动并为自己的所属文化感到自豪。在第二个因素“社会交往交流”上得分较高的人更有可能用汉语来交流并渴望与更多的主流文化人群进行社交,而得分较低的人可能更愿意使用母语来思考、交流和交友。在第三个因素“日常生活行为”得分高的人在生活习惯上受现代化节奏影响明显,而得分低的人在生活起居上对侗族传统习惯有很强的坚持度,诸如会认为侗族特有的酸汤、腌鱼、牛瘪等食物最美味,木质建筑最宜居,侗族大歌最动听。需要特别说明的是,黔东南“黎平—从江—榕江”一带侗族以能歌善舞著称,尤以侗族大歌享誉国内外,对侗族大歌的传承和展示已成为侗族符号性的特征,并融入其日常生活的点滴。侗族居民在襁褓中便开始听歌、学歌,甚至侗寨男女的择偶、婚嫁都是通过大歌来完成的。对歌曲偏好得分高的个人不太可能参与侗族传统活动并以此为豪,而那些得分低的人可能会更多地参与他们的本土文化活动,更多地被外来者认为是地道侗族。

从本研究可以看出,个体是能够独立连接两个文化的。这一发现与文化适应的传统观点并不一致,也与SL-AISA量表的建构初衷有偏差。在文化适应传统观念中,它是一个单线性过程,一端是个体的原文化,另一端是个体接受的主流文化(Schwartz,Unger & Zamboanga,et al.,2010)。与之相反的是,本文的实证结果表明个体能同时适应两种文化。居民在社会交往交流维度和民族认同维度上更多体现为侗文化导向的双文化主义,他们对本民族的认同感很强,社会交往交流的圈子非常稳固,大多通过侗族语言和行为方式来与本族同胞交往,村落处于典型熟人社会。而居民在日常生活行为维度上更多表现为真正的双文化主义,比如对侗歌、流行歌曲及食物的偏好上。在有些方面汉化趋势增大,尤其体现在服饰和所看电视节目的选择上(见表2)。这个结论也支持了Berry(Berry,Trimble & Olmedo,1986;Berry;2003)的观点,即当个体在成为主流文化不可分割的一部分时,能够保持自己的民族文化认同,此时文化适应的整合过程就产生了。

2. 管理启示

(1)政府及有关部门需要了解并重视传统村落村民的文化适应状态

如何正确识别和衡量民族传统村落发展进程中村民的文化适应状态,对管理者、规划者、经营者来讲都很重要。如果居民一方面能保持并增强其文化自信与民族认同,另一方面能积极接触并学习汉族文化,以更开放和包容的心态对待文化变迁,那么在文化冲突中就能保持良好的心态,有尊严有自信地成为文化传承者。

(2)政府及有关部门需要建立民族传统村落村民文化适应问题的预防和干预体系

民族传统村落发展中原住民会从文化的接触和改变中感受到压力,产生一系列的消极情感。政府相关部门需要了解并重视特定区域、特定族群的文化现实和历史演进特点,利用文化适应各个维度(社会交往交流、日常生活行为、民族认同)去发现当地居民的文化适应程度并保护原生态文化。针对少数民族群体中存在的跨文化敏感度个体差异,要建立少数民族文化适应问题的预防与干预体系,及时识别来自跨文化交往的压力,检验跨文化交往和适应之间的作用机制和缓冲因素。

(3)政府及有关部门需要培训当地居民的跨文化互动技能

首先,需要优化多元文化教育环境。王挺(2013)认为多元文化教育能够帮助少数民族族群学会怎样在多元文化环境和社会中积极地认知并与其他民族和谐相处。两种文化接触时容易让处在文化弱势一方的少数民族群体心生自卑而对主流文化保持很强的防御心理(王毅,2011)。通过在民族村寨中进行多元文化教育,推动双语教学,可以提升文化认同感,降低防备心理并能同时培养一种多元文化背景下的共存意识。此外,政府和相关组织需加大对民族旅游地教育的投入和对特定师资的培训。对传统文化传承人的评定和奖励力度要加大,还要考虑把少数民族文化教育整合进地区学校的教育系统,开展特定文化培训进村寨活动。这些举措都能增进当地人的民族认同感,提升跨文化适应的能力,从根本上促进居民的文化适应。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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[14] Flannery W P, Reise S P, Yu J J.

An empirical comparison of acculturation models

[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001, 27(8): 1035~1045.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

Abstract The unidirectional and bidirectional models of acculturation were compared in a sample of 291 Asian Americans. Both models produced good predictions of Asian preferences, cultural knowledge, ethnic identification, and generational status. The bidirectional model, however, failed to demonstrate its reputed independence across home culture and host culture orientations. The unidirectional model is recommended as an economical proxy measure of acculturation, the bidirectional model is recommended for full theoretical investigations of acculturation, and a speculative tridirectional model is proposed to clarify the distinction between acculturation and ethnogenesis (the creation of a new ethnicity).
[15] Garrett M T, Pichette E F.

Red as an apple: Native American acculturation and counseling with or without reservation

[J]. Journal of Counseling & Development, 2000, 78(1): 3~13.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

The United States has a long history of advocating policies of both extermination and assimilation of Native peoples. This historical context provides an important backdrop for understanding issues of trust/mistrust and the impact of acculturation on Native Americans who often find they have to reconcile 2 cultures. Therefore, counselors must assess a Native American client's level of acculturation rather than making assumptions based on the limited information offered by appearance or other personal characteristics. The Native American Acculturation Scale is presented as an operationalized means of formally or informally assessing a Native American client's cultural identity.
[16] Graves T D.

Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community

[J]. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 1967, 23(4): 337~350.

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[17] Kim B S K, Abreu J M.

Acculturation measurement: Theory, current instruments, and future directions

[M]// Ponterotto J G, Casas J M, Suzuki L A, et al. Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001: 394~424.

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[18] Kodama K, Canetto S S.

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[J]. Psychologia, 1995(38): 17~21.

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[19] Landrine H, Klonoff E A.

The African American acculturation scale: Development, reliability, and validity

[J]. Journal of Black Psychology, 1994, 20(2): 104~127.

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[20] Lerman D, Maldonado R, Luna D.

A theory-based measure of acculturation: The shortened cultural life style inventory

[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2009, 62(4): 399~406.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper describes a model of acculturation for classifying minority consumers into distinct categories depending on their attitudes and behaviors toward their minority culture and toward the majority culture. These categories are assimilation, segregation, and integration. The model differs from previous models of acculturation in consumer research in that it does not assume a linear progression toward assimilation. The acculturation categories identified by the model can be used to segment minority markets. A reduced version of a previous scale based on that acculturation model is developed and validated in two empirical studies in a consumer research setting. Our scale can be used by managers to segment minority populations.
[21] Liou G B.Ecotourism cultural impact analysis[D]. Michigan: Michigan State University, 2013.

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[22] Matsudaira T.

Measures of psychological acculturation: A review

[J]. Transcultural Psychiatry, 2006, 43(3): 462~487.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

This article reviews conceptual and methodological issues in the measurement of psychological acculturation. The major issues involve the question of dimensionality and the assessment of specific domains of cultural change. Bidimensional scales that cover both overt and internal domains are more informative for the assessment of general levels of psychological acculturation. The validity of such scales must be examined in terms of the actual exposure of individuals to and involvement in each culture, and the influence of sociocultural factors on the course of acculturation. The parallel application of qualitative and quantitative methods may be useful for validity studies. The complementary use of emic and etic approaches will enhance the psychometric soundness of acculturation scales.
[23] Reynolds A L, Ecklund T R, Terrance D.

Race related stress, academic motivation, cultural congruity, acculturation, and resilience of American Indian students

[Z]. Unpublished manuscript, 2011.

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[24] Reynolds A L, Sodano S M, Ecklund T R, et al.

Dimensions of acculturation in native American college students

[J]. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 2012, 45(2): 101~112.

[本文引用: 3]      摘要

Abstract Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to the responses of two respective independent samples of Native American college students on the Native American Acculturation Scale (NAAS). Three correlated dimensions were found to underlie NAAS items and these dimensions may also comprise a broader higher order dimension of Native American acculturation.
[25] Rudmin F.

Constructs, measurements and models of acculturation and acculturative stress

[J]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2009, 33(2): 106~123.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

This critique of acculturation research is anchored on an historical examination of the development of acculturation constructs and their operationalizations as psychometric scales. An historical search finds the origins of acculturation in derogatory beliefs about aboriginal and immigrant minorities, finds the old and continuing paradox that acculturation is presumed to improve mental health and to damage mental health, finds the near universal inter-twining of acculturation with mental health issues, and finds that nearly one century of such research has had little utility. Measurements of acculturation by bipolar scales since the 1940s and by unconstrained ipsative scales since the 1970s have confounded the research record. Measurements of acculturative stress by scales designed for mental health screening have confounded dependent and independent variables. More recent measures based on factor analytic sub-scales have confounded acculturative stress with acculturation and with other constructs. This review recommends (a) that acculturation be defined as second-culture acquisition, (b) that acculturative motivations, learning, and changes be conceived, measured, and sometimes studied independently of health issues, (c) that bilineal measures be used, (d) that acculturative stress be discontinued as an intervening variable, and (e) that SES and discrimination always be controlled by covariate methods.
[26] Sam D L, Berry J W.The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 56~64.

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[27] Satorra A, Bentler P M.

Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis

[M]// von Eye A, Clogg C C. Latent Variables Analysis: Applications for Developmental Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994: 399~419.

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[28] Schwartz S J, Unger J B, Zamboanga B L, et al.

Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research

[J]. American Psychologist, 2010, 65(4): 237~251.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

This article presents an expanded model of acculturation among international migrants and their immediate descendants. Acculturation is proposed as a multidimensional process consisting of the confluence among heritage-cultural and receiving-cultural practices, values, and identifications. The implications of this reconceptualization for the acculturation construct, as well as for its relationship to psychosocial and health outcomes, are discussed. In particular, an expanded operationalization of acculturation is needed to address the "immigrant paradox," whereby international migrants with more exposure to the receiving cultural context report poorer mental and physical health outcomes. We discuss the role of ethnicity, cultural similarity, and discrimination in the acculturation process, offer an operational definition for context of reception, and call for studies on the role that context of reception plays in the acculturation process. The new perspective on acculturation presented in this article is intended to yield a fuller understanding of complex acculturation processes and their relationships to contextual and individual functioning.
[29] Suinn R M, Rickard-Figueroa K, Lew S, et al.

The Suinn-Lew Asian self-identity acculturation scale: An initial report

[J]. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1987, 47(2): 401~407.

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[30] Tsai J L, Chentsova-Dutton Y, Wong Y.

Why and how researchers should study ethnic identity, acculturation, and cultural orientation

[M]// Hall G C N, Okazaki S O. Asian American Psychology: The Science of Lives in Context. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2002: 41~65.

[本文引用: 1]     

[31] Zimmerman M A, Ramirez-Valles J, Washienko K M, et al.

The development of a measure of enculturation for Native American youth

[J]. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1996, 24(2): 295~310.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

Enculturation is the process by which individuals learn about and identify with their ethnic minority culture. It is distinguished from acculturation which refers to the process by which an ethnic minority individual is assimilated into the majority culture. Three studies with Native American youths are reported that describe the development of a measure of enculturation for Native American youths. Development of a measure of enculturation provides a foundation upon which to build a body of literature that focuses on strengths in a youth's life rather than on deficits. Results of the first study ( n =120), a confirmatory factor analysis, indicated that cultural affinity, Native American identity, and family involvement in traditional activities adequately represent the construct of enculturation. The study also provides some convergent validity for this interpretation. The second study examines factor invariance for enculturation among youths with data from over 2 years ( n =69). The factor structure was similar across time. The third study replicates the factor structure and validity analyses with a new sample ( n =42). Usefulness of the measure for assessing protective factors and stressing ethnicity over simple assessment of race categories is discussed.
[32] 彼得•史密斯, 彭迈克, 齐丹•库查巴莎. 跨文化社会心理学[M]. 严文华, 权大勇, 译. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2009: 44~48.

[本文引用: 1]     

[33] 范莉娜.

民族旅游地居民分类及支持行为的比较研究

[J]. 旅游学刊, 2017, 32(7): 108~118.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

旅游地发展中居民态度及相应行为意愿已被认为是旅游产业要解决的关键问题.当前,民族旅游地居民的分类通常都是从对旅游业发展态度的角度来考虑,尚未出现依据个体对本族原文化及旅游者主流文化偏好来展开的研究.文章以心理学视域下的文化适应为理论基础,利用两个经典模型,通过对贵州黔东南处于旅游发展不同生命周期阶段的3个典型侗寨居民样本进行实证分析后得出:主客跨文化互动中利用SL-ASIA文化适应单线性模型可以把居民分为整合、同化、分离3种类型;利用Berry文化适应双线性模型可以把居民分为整合、同化、分离、边缘4种类型.在文化适应不同线性模型下存在理论间的竞争和互补,基于居民文化适应客观行为与认知状态的单线性SL-ASIA测量模型与基于居民文化适应理想状态的双线性Berry策略模型在分类人数、状态及旅游支持行为意愿上皆有差异,并且这种差异揭示了理想与现实的矛盾.总体来看,高文化适应的居民对待旅游者会更加热情,也更愿意为目的地进行推荐宣传.
[34] 马庆国. 管理统计:数据获取、统计原理、SPSS工具与应用研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2002: 25~45.

[本文引用: 1]     

[35] 荣泰生. AMOS与研究方法[M]. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2010: 145~147.

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[36] 王挺. 黎族的文化适应: 特征、影响因素及理论模式[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2013.

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[37] 王毅.

文化适应对少数民族大学生的心理影响及对策研究

[J]. 改革与开放, 2011(10): 193~195.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

不同文化间的差异导致少数民族大学生出现焦虑、抑郁等心理不适。文章分析了文化适应过程和模式对少数民族大学生的心理影响,提出创建多元文化教育环境、提高少数民族大学生对学校教育的认同感、提高汉语水平的相关对策来解决文化适应过程中遇到的问题。
[38] 杨宝琰, 万明钢.

文化适应:理论及测量与研究方法

[J]. 世界民族, 2010(4): 1~9.

[本文引用: 2]      摘要

在全球化的背景下,各个国家之间和各个民族之间在文化交往、融合过程中产生的文化冲突和文化适应问题日益突出,主流文化背景下的少数民族或弱势群体,其文化适应和认同问题尤为凸显。研究者从不同的视角界定文化适应的概念和结构,提出了各自的文化适应理论和测量方法,但在概念界定、测量的理论框架等方面依然存在诸多问题。文章认为,从文化背景和现实问题出发,整合不同学科的概念、理论和方法,将量化研究和质化研究两大研究范式结合起来,重视文化适应的纵向研究和应用研究,是今后可能的研究取向。
[39] 张劲梅, 张庆林.

多维文化适应模型与国外族群关系研究

[J]. 广西民族研究, 2008(4): 82~87.

[本文引用: 1]      摘要

文化适应多维模型包括非主流族群成员与主流族群成员的文化适应取向。多维文化适应模型的意义不仅在于可以对文化适应过程进行更加全面的分析研究,还在于通过考察主流族群和非主流族群的文化适应取向的一致和冲突,可以更好地理解和预测族群关系。

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