Branding is considered as one of the most powerful tools for destination marketers. Local residents are the most important stakeholders of destination brand.Local residents can develop psychological ownership toward the destination brand because of their familiarity with destination, perceived control over destination, and involvement with destination. Destination brand psychological ownership can bring a series of positive outcomes, such as residents’ extra role behavior, positive word of mouth, helping tourists behavior, which is important for the destination’s sustainable development. This study investigates the antecedents that influencing destination brand psychological ownership. Specifically, residents’ familiarity with destination, perceived control over destination, involvement with destination, and their interactions were hypothesized to have a psotive influence on destination brand psychological ownership. The data was collected in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province, and was analyzed using SPSS and Mplus software. The results showed that both perceived control and involvement have a significant positive effect on destination brand psychological ownership. Perceived control and involvement, destination familiarity and involvement interactively influence destination brand psychological brand ownership. The findings have important managerial implications for destination marketers. First, destination marketers can improve resident’s brand psychological ownership by giving them more control over the destination, such as communicating destination knowledge to residents by internal communication tools and improvingtheir interpersonal communication skills, in order to improve their self-efficacy. Second, investing the self into the target can enhance brand psychological ownership; therefore, destination marketers should involve residents more in destination-related activities, such as providing suggestions for destination development and take initiative to help tourists. Third, destination marketers can also enhance destination brand psychological ownership by improving the interaction of perceived control and involvement, and destination familiarity and involvement. Finally, limitations of this study and future research directions are discussed.
Keywords:destination brand psychological ownership
;
familiarity
;
perceived control
;
involvement
;
local resident
ZHANGHui. The Antecedents of Local Residents’ Destination Brand Psychological Ownership[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2018, 2(4): 31-51 https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.78
目的地居民参与目的地品牌建设的路径之一是建立目的地居民对目的地品牌的心理所有权(psychological ownership)。心理所有权是指个体感觉到目标物或目标物的一部分好像是“我的”的感觉,其核心是占有感和与目标物的心理联系(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991)。现有的心理所有权理论主要是围绕组织心理所有权(psychological ownership for the organization)展开的。事实上,心理所有权定义中的“目标物”范围很广泛,可以是呈现给个体或者群体的任何有形或无形事物,不论大小,小到可以是一个公司食堂座位,大到可以是整个行业组织或者某个地区(Avey,Avolio & Crossley,et al.,2009)。Pierce、Kostova和Dirks(2001)在提出心理所有权这一概念时指出,心理所有权的产生依赖3条主要路径:控制目标物(controlling the target)、对目标物的亲密了解(coming to intimately know the target)和对目标物的个人投入(investing the self into the target)。换言之,如果个体对目标物有某种控制感(主观的或客观的)、亲密感和自我投入,他们就会对目标物建立起心理所有权。居民作为旅游目的地的常住居民,对目的地非常熟悉(即亲密了解),他们对目的地品牌有一种主观的控制感,并且在日常生活中会涉入到目的地品牌建设的相关活动中,因而会对目的地品牌产生心理所有权,即目的地品牌心理所有权(destination brand psychological ownership)。心理所有权会促使个体表现出一系列积极的行为(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991)。同样地,如果居民对旅游目的地建立起心理所有权,他们就会表现出一系列积极的行为,如主动帮助游客、积极传播目的地口碑、保护目的地旅游资源、容忍因旅游发展带来的负面影响等,这些行为对旅游目的地品牌健康、可持续发展至关重要。因此,实证考察居民目的地品牌心理所有权的影响因素具有重要的价值。
一、文献综述
1. 心理所有权
心理所有权研究始于组织管理领域。在心理所有权概念提出以前,学者们关注的是正式的或法定的所有权。有些学者发现,员工拥有正式的所有权(如员工持股计划)能够提升其工作绩效,改善其工作态度和行为(Rhodes & Steers,1981)。也有学者提出了相反的观点,他们发现员工的组织承诺、工作满意度及组织绩效与员工是否拥有正式所有权并不具有相关性(Ivancic & Rosen,1986)。基于这两种对立的观点,Pierce等从正式所有权对员工工作态度和行为影响的中介变量入手,指出正式所有权只有在引起个体“所有权情感”(feeling of ownership)的情况下,才能够影响所有权拥有者的态度和行为(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991),因此他们提出了心理所有权的概念。
心理所有权能够满足人类的3种基本需要,分别为效能感(eff icacy and effectance)、自我认同(self-identity)和空间感(having a place)(Pierce,Kostova & Dirks,2003)。首先,效能感是人类天生的需要,它的存在驱使个体对其所处的环境进行探索,并在探索中对环境施加影响。在个体与环境的互动过程中,个体会对环境产生控制感,进而会引发个体的自我效能感。在互动过程中,个体与目标物紧密地联系在一起,这种联系也使得个体对目标物产生心理所有权。其次,所有物是个体自我的象征性表达,能够表明个体的核心价值和个性。在所有物的帮助下,人们通常能够更好地认识自己,产生更强烈的自我认同,进而产生心理所有权。最后,当个体占有某物时,占有物能够为个体提供空间感,空间感的拥有会为个体带来对该物更高的归属感,同时让个体感知到一种更安逸、快乐和安全的环境,因而产生心理所有权。
Viewing psychological ownership as a positive resource for impacting human performance in organizations, the present study investigated the components of an expanded view of psychological ownership. Confirmatory factor analyses on a proposed measure of psychological ownership provided support for a positively-oriented, promotion-focused aspect of psychological ownership comprised of four dimensions: self-efficacy, accountability, sense of belongingness and self-identity. In addition, territoriality was examined as a unique and more prevention-focused form of ownership. Practical implications and suggestions for future research on psychological ownership and positive organizational behavior conclude the article. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
As noted by legal scholars (e.g., Saks, 1986), little research has been conducted on the psychology of ownership decision making. The present research examined this issue within a psychological framework which showed that an individual's judgments about a target can be affected by the presence of an association between the target and another entity. In three experiments, subjects were asked to resolve a dispute between two parties over possession of an object. In Study 1, subjects judged that the person pictured with an object had a stronger claim of ownership over it. Study 2 showed that prior use was a justification for ownership and that past investment in an object (in terms of working with it) was a justification for ownership, a finding replicated in the third study. In study 3, the intentions of the disputants affected the strength of their perceived claim of ownership
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The concept of psychological ownership (PO) reflects a state in which individuals feel as though the target ofownership (e.g., job or organization) is theirs. In recent years, there has been an expansion of research linkingPO with a range of desirable employee attitudes and behaviors. However, the theoretical foundations of theconstruct, its measurement, the factors that influence its development, and when and how it influences outcomesare areas of continued debate in the literature. In this article, we provide a narrative review of extantPO literature with the aim of developing a research agenda that encourages scholars to target opportunitiesfor future research. In particular, we highlight the need for continued refinement of the conceptualizationand measurement of PO, and development of its nomological network. In addition, we call for greater investigationof PO towards different objects or foci; examination of possible multilevel applications of PO research;identification of potential boundary conditions of PO; and exploration of the influence of cultureand individual differences on the development and influence of PO. We also introduce alternative theoreticalapproaches for understanding and investigating PO. In doing so, we provide a roadmap for scholars to progressthe development of the field.
This-study examined the nature of possession and ownership in a developmental and cross-cultural context. It was an exploratory study attempting to map out the various dimensions of the meaning of possession, and the motivation for possessive behavior. An open-ended interview was administered to (a) 150 American subjects, 30 at each of five age levels (kindergarten, second, fifth, and eleventh grades, and 40- to 50-year-old adults), and (b) 120 Israeli subjects, 60 from the kibbutz and 60 from the city (in each case, 30 of kindergarten age and 30 of fifth-grade age). A content analysis was performed on the interview responses. The resulting dimensions of the meaning of possession and of the motivation for possession are presented, and the relative saliencies of these dimensions for the different age and cultural groups are discussed. Of particular importance to all ages and cultural groups were the two dimensions of (a) effectance and control of possessions, and (b) positive affect for possessions. A large number of other dimensions were also obtained, often differing in their relative importance at different ages. It is hoped that the results will lay the foundations for subsequent empirical work on this topic.
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61Destination familiarity influences how information sources are used.61Traditional word-of-mouth sources are more relevant for international travelers.61Electronic word-of-mouth sources are more important for domestic travelers.61Travelers make choices based on a small set of external information sources.
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This research finds that merely touching an object results in an increase in perceived ownership of that object. For non-owners, or buyers, perceived ownership
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Existing attempts to measure Sense of Place (SOP) are open to a number of different interpretations, some of which are well established in attitude research. Attitude theory can provide a basis for conceiving of SOP as cognitive, affective and conative relationships with human environments. In this study, Sense of Place was defined as a multidimensional construct comprising: (1) beliefs about the relationship between self and place; (2) feelings toward the place; and (3) the behavioral exclusivity of the place in relation to alternatives. A 12-item SOP scale, consistent with a multidimensional theoretical prescription, was developed and subsequently tested in the field with a sample of lakeshore property owners in northern Wisconsin (n=282). A number of measurement models based on attitude structure were posed as potential explanations of the scale's construct validity. Results suggested that the SOP scale measured a general Sense of Place dimension that gained expression in property owners' thoughts, feelings and behavioral commitments for their lakeshore properties. This general evaluative dimension was more explanatory of observed responses than were the three univariate dimensions having interpretations consistent with place identity, place attachment, and place dependence. The dominance of the SOP factor over the narrower dimensions was prevalent in three different measurement models that posited both general and specific factors. Future research in this vein could be oriented towards reflecting the domains of attitude more closely, rather than being organized around the domains of sense of place as described in the literature.
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ABSTRACT Purpose – This paper serves two purposes. First, to identify the stages of the historical development of place marketing, because place marketing has developed over time through discrete phases, which differ in their sophistication as well as in their approaches and objectives. Secondly, to identify and articulate significant issues, which will determine the “way forward” for place marketing. Design/methodology/approach – Place marketing has been shaped by developments within marketing science and cognate disciplines but also by the external historical contexts at various spatial scales that determined its assumptions, goals and priorities. A concordance of a number of approaches to the evolution of place marketing is attempted and from this, conclusions are drawn about the current assumptions upon which place marketing is based. Findings – Seven issues are identified that appear to hinder marketing implementation from delivering its full contribution and are suggested here as significant for the future of place marketing. The most important ones refer to the need for a collective understanding and appreciation of place marketing, the achievement of wide cooperation and clear role allocation, the implementation of marketing as a long-term process and the expansion of marketing understanding to fields other than tourism development. Originality/value – The originality of this paper lies in the clear articulation of the historical episodes of place marketing development and, at the same time, the identification of the issues mentioned above, which will determine the effectiveness of place marketing practice. Therefore, the paper is of great value to both academic commentators and practitioners of place marketing.
Le développement d'une échelle des attitudes envers l'impact du tourisme. Une échelle des attitudes envers l'impact du tourisme, comprenant plusieurs points, a été développé en réponse au besoin d'un mesurage standardisé des attitudes des habitants envers le développement du tourisme. On décrit le processus pour développer l'échelle et sa mise à l'essai. La documentation sur l'impact du tourisme présente plusieurs variables indépendantes importantes qui influencent les attitudes. Avec l'aide de l'échelle, on analyse, par un modéle de régression multiple, les effets de ces variables indépendants sur les attitudes des habitants envers le développement du tourisme dans la région de la Gorge du Columbia, dans les états d'Orégon et Washington, USA. On discute les implications pour le développement et la plantification du tourisme.
ABSTRACT Proposes that individual differences in perceived control be partitioned into components associated with 3 primary spheres of behavior: (a) personal efficacy (control over the nonsocial environment as in personal achievement), (b) interpersonal control (control over other people in dyads and groups), and (c) sociopolitical control (control over social and political events and institutions). Assessment instruments are presented for measuring perceived control in each of these 3 spheres. Using data from 87 undergraduates, a 3-factor structural model was tested using confirmatory factor analysis, and the results are strongly supportive. The scales have impressive convergent and discriminant validity in relation to other individual difference measures. Evidence from several laboratory and field studies by the author and colleagues (e.g., see record 1981-01340-001) is reviewed to support the predictive validity of the 3 scales. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Pierce JL, KostovaT, Dirks KT.
Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations
Building upon the observation that individuals feel ownership toward a variety of targets, the authors suggest that under certain conditions, organizational members can develop feelings of ownership toward the organization and various organizational factors. They define psychological ownership, identify its 'roots' and the primary 'routes' through which it develops, and propose certain organizational outcomes. The authors discuss the conceptual distinctiveness of psychological ownership from a set of related constructs and suggest some theoretical and managerial implications of their theory.
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Pierce JL, KostovaT, Dirks KT.
The state of psychological ownership: Integrating and extending a century of research
People develop feelings of ownership for a variety of objects, material and immaterial in nature. We refer to this state as psychological ownership. Building on and extending previous scholarship, the authors offer a conceptual examination of this construct. After defining psychological ownership, they address why it exists and how it comes into being. They propose that this state finds its roots in a set of intraindividual motives (efficacy and effectance, self-identity, and having a place to dwell). In addition, they discuss the experiences that give rise to psychological ownership and propose several positive and negative consequences of this state. The authors' work provides a foundation for the development of a comprehensive theory of psychological ownership and the conceptual underpinnings for empirical testing.
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Work environment structure and psychological ownership: The mediating effects of control
Current theorists on the psychology of possession highlight control as an important route in the development of feelings of ownership. In the present article, the authors hypothesized that the extent to which individuals experience control over their job and work environment is positively associated with feelings of ownership for their job and the organization. The authors used supervisory report data on work environment structure and self-reports on experienced control and psychological ownership to test for the mediating effects of experienced control in the relationship between the work environment structure and psychological ownership. The authors found that experienced control mediates the relationship between 3 sources of work environment structure—technology, autonomy, and participative decision making—and psychological ownership of the job and (to a lesser extent) the organization. The authors proposed implications of the findings and directions of further research.
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Employee ownership: A conceptual model of process and effects
A model is developed that explicates one process through which employee ownership operates, leading to a set of social-psychological and behavioral effects. Where the formal ownership system is operationalized such that it leads to psychological ownership, a bonding or integration of the employee-owner with the organization occurs. It is through these processes that employee ownership exercises an influence upon group and individual outcomes. A set of antecedent and moderating variables to the operation of the formal ownership system is identified.
ABSTRACT Based on a sample of worker-owners in a producer cooperative and employees in a conventional organization, this study empirically tests portions of a theoretical model explaining the relationship between worker ownership and control and work attitudes and behaviors. According to the model, worker-owners in the cooperative are hypothesized to have higher perceptions of particiption in decision-making, pay equity, performance-reward contingencies, and group work norms than are employees in the conventional organization. These perceptions, in turn, are expected to lead to an increased commitment to the organization and lower levels of absenteeism, tardiness, accidents, grievances, and turnover. Results partially support the model with members of the cooperative being more committed to their organization, while at the same time having higher absenteeism and tardiness levels than employees in the conventional firm. Implications of results are presented, and directionsforfuture research are discussed.
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摘要
Adult Canadians ( N = 120) evaluated criteria of ownership by two tasks. The first was listing exemplars of things owned and things not owned and then rating applicability of criteria to exemplars. The second was judging the strength of criteria as general arguments for ownership. Cluster analysis suggested that free-recall exemplars of property were selected by four principal types of criteria: (a) control criteria (POSSESSION, ASSERTION, TERRITORIALITY) referring to the regulation of social access to the property, (b) attachment criteria (FAMILIARITY, KNOWLEDGE, AESTHETICS, UTILITY) expressing the psychological proximity of the owner to the property, (c) consumer criteria (PURCHASE, HISTORY, DESIRE) reflecting important purchases, and (d) special-acquisitions criteria (GIFT, CRAFTING). By the judgement task, only means-of-acquisition criteria (PURCHASE, CRAFTING, GIFT) were valued as strong arguments for ownership.
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Residents’ sense of place and landscape perceptions at the rural-urban interface
Rural residents have different expectations concerning what the rural landscape should be like and what it should be used for. This is especially the case at the rural–urban interface, where the characteristics of rural and urban landscapes have become blurred. In this article, the concept of sense of place is used to explore the relationship between humans and landscape at the rural–urban fringe. Based on a quantitative survey data set, this article examines how the landscape perceptions of local residents can be understood from the basis of their sense of place in Nurmij01rvi, a municipality located close to the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in southern Finland. A factor analysis revealed four clusters: Socially connected, Weak bonds, Roots and resources and Committed to place. The clusters differed by their socio-economic profiles as well as their sense of place. The Roots and resources cluster differed most of the other clusters, but in general the differences between the clusters in general landscape perceptions were relatively small. Although a strong sense of place is often assumed to lead to care of place, the willingness to contribute to the landscape did not differ significantly between the clusters. In addition the study revealed the existence of two different approaches to landscape in the rural–urban interface: landscape as a scenery and landscape as a dwelling place.
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A series of measures which can encourage Britons to holiday in their own country are proposed. In particular, these measures need to challenge the preconception that holidaying at home is a second class holiday experience. This can be achieved through: a properly funded marketing campaign; improved training for all tourism staff; further inducements for potential investors in the tourism indust...
Psychological ownership: Theoretical extensions, measurement and relation to work outcomes
2
2009
... 目的地居民参与目的地品牌建设的路径之一是建立目的地居民对目的地品牌的心理所有权(psychological ownership).心理所有权是指个体感觉到目标物或目标物的一部分好像是“我的”的感觉,其核心是占有感和与目标物的心理联系(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991).现有的心理所有权理论主要是围绕组织心理所有权(psychological ownership for the organization)展开的.事实上,心理所有权定义中的“目标物”范围很广泛,可以是呈现给个体或者群体的任何有形或无形事物,不论大小,小到可以是一个公司食堂座位,大到可以是整个行业组织或者某个地区(Avey,Avolio & Crossley,et al.,2009).Pierce、Kostova和Dirks(2001)在提出心理所有权这一概念时指出,心理所有权的产生依赖3条主要路径:控制目标物(controlling the target)、对目标物的亲密了解(coming to intimately know the target)和对目标物的个人投入(investing the self into the target).换言之,如果个体对目标物有某种控制感(主观的或客观的)、亲密感和自我投入,他们就会对目标物建立起心理所有权.居民作为旅游目的地的常住居民,对目的地非常熟悉(即亲密了解),他们对目的地品牌有一种主观的控制感,并且在日常生活中会涉入到目的地品牌建设的相关活动中,因而会对目的地品牌产生心理所有权,即目的地品牌心理所有权(destination brand psychological ownership).心理所有权会促使个体表现出一系列积极的行为(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991).同样地,如果居民对旅游目的地建立起心理所有权,他们就会表现出一系列积极的行为,如主动帮助游客、积极传播目的地口碑、保护目的地旅游资源、容忍因旅游发展带来的负面影响等,这些行为对旅游目的地品牌健康、可持续发展至关重要.因此,实证考察居民目的地品牌心理所有权的影响因素具有重要的价值. ...
Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations
3
2001
... 目的地居民参与目的地品牌建设的路径之一是建立目的地居民对目的地品牌的心理所有权(psychological ownership).心理所有权是指个体感觉到目标物或目标物的一部分好像是“我的”的感觉,其核心是占有感和与目标物的心理联系(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991).现有的心理所有权理论主要是围绕组织心理所有权(psychological ownership for the organization)展开的.事实上,心理所有权定义中的“目标物”范围很广泛,可以是呈现给个体或者群体的任何有形或无形事物,不论大小,小到可以是一个公司食堂座位,大到可以是整个行业组织或者某个地区(Avey,Avolio & Crossley,et al.,2009).Pierce、Kostova和Dirks(2001)在提出心理所有权这一概念时指出,心理所有权的产生依赖3条主要路径:控制目标物(controlling the target)、对目标物的亲密了解(coming to intimately know the target)和对目标物的个人投入(investing the self into the target).换言之,如果个体对目标物有某种控制感(主观的或客观的)、亲密感和自我投入,他们就会对目标物建立起心理所有权.居民作为旅游目的地的常住居民,对目的地非常熟悉(即亲密了解),他们对目的地品牌有一种主观的控制感,并且在日常生活中会涉入到目的地品牌建设的相关活动中,因而会对目的地品牌产生心理所有权,即目的地品牌心理所有权(destination brand psychological ownership).心理所有权会促使个体表现出一系列积极的行为(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991).同样地,如果居民对旅游目的地建立起心理所有权,他们就会表现出一系列积极的行为,如主动帮助游客、积极传播目的地口碑、保护目的地旅游资源、容忍因旅游发展带来的负面影响等,这些行为对旅游目的地品牌健康、可持续发展至关重要.因此,实证考察居民目的地品牌心理所有权的影响因素具有重要的价值. ...
... 心理所有权能够满足人类的3种基本需要,分别为效能感(eff icacy and effectance)、自我认同(self-identity)和空间感(having a place)(Pierce,Kostova & Dirks,2003).首先,效能感是人类天生的需要,它的存在驱使个体对其所处的环境进行探索,并在探索中对环境施加影响.在个体与环境的互动过程中,个体会对环境产生控制感,进而会引发个体的自我效能感.在互动过程中,个体与目标物紧密地联系在一起,这种联系也使得个体对目标物产生心理所有权.其次,所有物是个体自我的象征性表达,能够表明个体的核心价值和个性.在所有物的帮助下,人们通常能够更好地认识自己,产生更强烈的自我认同,进而产生心理所有权.最后,当个体占有某物时,占有物能够为个体提供空间感,空间感的拥有会为个体带来对该物更高的归属感,同时让个体感知到一种更安逸、快乐和安全的环境,因而产生心理所有权. ...
Employee ownership: A conceptual model of process and effects
6
1991
... 目的地居民参与目的地品牌建设的路径之一是建立目的地居民对目的地品牌的心理所有权(psychological ownership).心理所有权是指个体感觉到目标物或目标物的一部分好像是“我的”的感觉,其核心是占有感和与目标物的心理联系(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991).现有的心理所有权理论主要是围绕组织心理所有权(psychological ownership for the organization)展开的.事实上,心理所有权定义中的“目标物”范围很广泛,可以是呈现给个体或者群体的任何有形或无形事物,不论大小,小到可以是一个公司食堂座位,大到可以是整个行业组织或者某个地区(Avey,Avolio & Crossley,et al.,2009).Pierce、Kostova和Dirks(2001)在提出心理所有权这一概念时指出,心理所有权的产生依赖3条主要路径:控制目标物(controlling the target)、对目标物的亲密了解(coming to intimately know the target)和对目标物的个人投入(investing the self into the target).换言之,如果个体对目标物有某种控制感(主观的或客观的)、亲密感和自我投入,他们就会对目标物建立起心理所有权.居民作为旅游目的地的常住居民,对目的地非常熟悉(即亲密了解),他们对目的地品牌有一种主观的控制感,并且在日常生活中会涉入到目的地品牌建设的相关活动中,因而会对目的地品牌产生心理所有权,即目的地品牌心理所有权(destination brand psychological ownership).心理所有权会促使个体表现出一系列积极的行为(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991).同样地,如果居民对旅游目的地建立起心理所有权,他们就会表现出一系列积极的行为,如主动帮助游客、积极传播目的地口碑、保护目的地旅游资源、容忍因旅游发展带来的负面影响等,这些行为对旅游目的地品牌健康、可持续发展至关重要.因此,实证考察居民目的地品牌心理所有权的影响因素具有重要的价值. ...
... 在提出心理所有权这一概念时指出,心理所有权的产生依赖3条主要路径:控制目标物(controlling the target)、对目标物的亲密了解(coming to intimately know the target)和对目标物的个人投入(investing the self into the target).换言之,如果个体对目标物有某种控制感(主观的或客观的)、亲密感和自我投入,他们就会对目标物建立起心理所有权.居民作为旅游目的地的常住居民,对目的地非常熟悉(即亲密了解),他们对目的地品牌有一种主观的控制感,并且在日常生活中会涉入到目的地品牌建设的相关活动中,因而会对目的地品牌产生心理所有权,即目的地品牌心理所有权(destination brand psychological ownership).心理所有权会促使个体表现出一系列积极的行为(Pierce,Rubenfeld & Morgan,1991).同样地,如果居民对旅游目的地建立起心理所有权,他们就会表现出一系列积极的行为,如主动帮助游客、积极传播目的地口碑、保护目的地旅游资源、容忍因旅游发展带来的负面影响等,这些行为对旅游目的地品牌健康、可持续发展至关重要.因此,实证考察居民目的地品牌心理所有权的影响因素具有重要的价值. ...