In the spring of 2023, a novel form of tourism emerged among college students, characterized by its brevity, tight itineraries, numerous destinations, and high intensity. This phenomenon has been dubbed“special forces-style tourism.”To examine the core attributes of this trend, this study analyzed online comments on social media platforms, leveraging a vast array of relevant textual data. First, a virtual ethnography approach was adopted to explore the origin and evolution of “special forces-style tourism,”followed by the application of text analysis methods to synthesize its fundamental features and emotional inclinations of“special forces-style tourists”toward it. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with active users who consistently provided high-quality, recently posted content, contributing significantly to the overall high frequency of posts in the history of the platform. Through thematic analysis, the study examined the nuanced characteristics, underlying causes, and repercussions of“special forces-style tourism.” The research findings indicate that “special forces-style tourism” possesses distinctive temporal, spatial, economic, and sightseeing features, setting it apart from traditional tourism models; its emergence is primarily attributed to peer influence, rapidly spreading among the younger demographic, particularly college students, via the Internet; it has both individual and collective impacts; and its features, causes, and effects can be conceptualized using a three-stage model. The contributions of this study are, first, clarifying the distinctions between “special forces-style tourism” and other forms like check-in tourism and budget travel, enhancing explanatory power from a peer-to-peer perspective; second, providing strategic insights for tourist destinations and attractions to cater to and attract“special forces-style tourists”; and third, offering guidance for young demographics emphasizing cultural immersion, self-identification, and self-image formation through tourism activities.

：In an era when artificial intelligence and automation technology become an inevitable trend, an increasing number of hospitality companies have adopted robotic technologies for their service delivery. However, the application of robots remains in the exploratory stage. Based on a review of relevant literature and theories, this paper explored the customers' perceptions and experiences of services with robots using a textual analysis of Internet and social media reviews about robot services in the hospitality industry, as well as in-depth interviews with hospitality service staff and customers. The research findings suggest that, first, customers perceive hospitality services with robots from two perspectives: tool attribute and social attribute. The social attribute influences customer experiences in their pursuit of pleasure. Second, the service robot could enhance customer experiences by improving the service attributes and creating a supportive atmosphere. This paper proposed a conceptual model to improve the customer experience with service robots. From the socialization perspective, the proposition of a service robot experience framework has decision-making implications on service robot design and management, service settings management, and experience creation.

With the development of the concept of the experience economy at the end of the 20th century, experience has been an important economic offering after goods and services. The tourist experience has always been an important issue in tourism research and is regarded as the essence of tourism. This article takes Disneyland, a typical hedonic tourism product, as an example and uses grounded theory, such as open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to discuss the emotional triggers in the tourist experience, various dimensions of tourist experience quality, and the functional process of the tourist experience. This paper found that: (1) the emotional triggers in the tourist experience mainly are environment, service encounter, interpersonal interaction, and activity participation; (2) the quality of the tourist experience is composed of three dimensions (attraction, fun and, enjoyment); and (3) the functional process of the tourist experience starts from different emotional triggers, which act on tourists through the sensory organs and consciousness. Because tourists differ in personality and number of visits, their emotional responses are of different valence and intensity, which leads to various individual experiences and different evaluations of the quality of the tourist experience. This paper pays particular attention to the antecedent variables of tourist experience quality and the functional process of the tourist experience. It is intended to provide better knowledge and more in-depth understanding of the tourist experience, which is conducive for tourism destination managers to design more attractive tourism products and bring about better tourist experiences.

Researchers have been focusing on the tourism policies due to the varied policies implemented by the government significantly affecting the development of tourism industry. In particular, visa policies, as the fundamental institutional arrangements of international tourism flows, are attracting increasing attention in the study. Visa restriction and visa liberalization are the important instruments for controlling the movement of people. As a result, visa policy becomes a guarantee of national and economic security while it will also lead to economic loss from refusing potential trade, investment and tourists. Regardless of the reasons for visa policies, the positive impact of visa liberalization and the negative impact of visa restrictions on tourism have become the consensus of most studies. However, transit visa-free policy, as an effective and active visa policy internationally, has attracted few attention. In this paper, based on the panel data from 2008 to 2016 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China, the combination of matching method and difference-in-difference (DID) method was innovatively used to verify the growth effect of transit visa-free policy on inbound tourism. The results showed that the policy significantly promoted the development of inbound tourism, and its promotion functioned immediately. However, due to the flaws of the policy, the effectiveness became weakened gradually. In addition, the regression results were still robust after the Placebo test. This paper is referable for the validity of visa policy, the implementation of visa-free policy and the improvement of research methods for policy evaluation in tourism research.

Smart tourism has been not only highly valued by scholars but also practiced in some areas with impressive results. At the same time, there are many shortcomings in the practical application of smart tourism. For example, too much emphasis is placed on high and new technology, while insufficient attention is paid to sustainable development. This article systematically reviews the relevant articles on smart tourism. First, it expounds on the origins of smart tourism and the research trends. Second, in accordance with the content of the research literature, it discusses the current research progress in terms of conceptual connotation, theoretical basis and research methods, construction framework, technical support, and application and evaluation systems. It also identifies the deficiencies in each part of the research. Finally, the theoretical structure of smart tourism research is summarized, the positioning of smart tourism is re-examined, and prospects are put forward. Smart tourism is positioned as “using advanced technology, intensive and efficient management, which not only helps to realize value creation for various stakeholders, but also promotes the sustainable development of tourism destinations.” Based on this definition, the author proposes that future smart tourism research should focus on three aspects: re-examining the relationship between technology and smart tourism, carrying out empirical research on smart tourism from a macro perspective, and exploring ways for the sustainable development of smart tourism.

The positive Tourism Destination Identity is just like the spear and shield of destination, so it not only represents the competitiveness of the tourism brand but also acts as the firewall and brake of the crisis. However, in recent years, the network public opinion crises have occurred frequently in tourism destination, which had a bad impact on the destination image and brought great challenges to related government departments when guiding public opinions. If the crisis is not properly disposed, the image of destination will be damaged and the destination will lose the confidence and sense of honor of the tourism brand as well. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to adopt appropriate and effective strategies to repair damaged image in the crisis of network public opinion for the healthy and sustainable development of tourism destinations. Given this reality, the author analyses the most influential tourism network public opinion crisis in 2017 - “Malicious beating and disfiguration event in Lijiang” based on the SCCT, focusing on digging, combing and analyzing the crisis situation, response strategies, media reports and public response by using case study method. Furthermore, in order to identify the core of public discussion and the object of responsibility attribution, this paper conducts an in-depth study of netizens’ comments by using word frequency analysis and co-existing analysis. It is found that the crisis situation was complex, including accidental and preventable cluster. However, Lijiang government mainly provided instructing information and deny strategy while responding, which had a great deviation from the response strategies advocated by SCCT, so that the effect of crisis management was not good. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the image restoration of the tourist destination, then optimizes SCCT in the practice of travel destination crisis so that it can provide more guidance to the destination in the future.

This paper reviews 53 articles of measurement scale development published in six tourism journals (i.e., Annals of Tourism Research,Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Journal of Travel Research, Tourism Management, Tourism Science, and Tourism Tribune) between 1998 and 2017 to elucidate the developmental stages, topical areas and scale development process and statistical standards in the field of tourism studies. It is found that: (1) Studies on measurement scale development in tourism could be diachronically divided into two stages, namely the initial stage (1998-2007) and the quickly-developing stage (2008-2017). (2) The major research areas where measurement scales have been mostly developed are tourists (e.g., tourists’ perceptions, attitudes, and satisfaction), destination (e.g., destination image, brand equity, and sustainability), and residents (e.g., residents’ perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development, and host-guest interactions). (3) Regarding the process of measurement scale development, the commonly followed procedures are generation of scale items, data collection, and assessment of reliability and validity. However, some measurement scale development studies have not strictly followed the procedures in terms of specification of the domains of construct, purification of scale items, pilot data collection, explorative factor analysis, and confirmative factor analysis, to a varying extent. On the contrary, most of the analyzed articles have strictly followed the psychometric standards in measurement scale development and reported the statistical analysis results that justified the psychometric properties of the scales that were newly developed and/or validated. The findings derived from this paper are believed to be able to guide future measurement scale development studies in the field of tourism in terms of research topics, development procedures, and psychometric properties required.

Most of the existing research on tourism big data in China has focused on identifying and analyzing specific problems in the tourism industry and lacks a critical evaluation of contemporary, state-of-the-art studies on big data in tourism. This paper examines empirical studies of big data in tourism that have been published in the Chinese language, reviewing 358 journal papers published in prestigious Chinese academic publications on tourism as of January 2021. In these studies, three types of big data are used: UGC data, device data, and transaction data. Under each data type, in-depth investigations of the study’s goals, data features, and analytical approaches are undertaken. While tourism big data research in China has taken significant strides in study topics, data collection, and analytic methods, the distribution of research on various forms of data is as yet uneven. There is, therefore, room for improvement in study topics, data collection methods, and analysis approaches.

Emotion is crucial in tourist experience, which has an important influence on tourist satisfaction, word-of-mouth and revisit intention. By reviewing the concepts and dimensions of affect in psychology, this paper aims to understand the present situation and research progress of emotion in tourist experience, and to compare the research progress of emotions in tourist experience both at home and abroad. Through the process of literature review, it is found that the current emotional research in tourist experience mainly focuses on the following six aspects, respectively, (1) The discussion of emotion in tourist experience from the perspective of logical thinking. Emotional researchers generally agree that affect is a more comprehensive concept, which includes moods and emotions; (2) Exploring the relationship among variables, such as emotion and tourist satisfaction, loyalty and other outcome variables; (3) The study of some specific emotions, such as nostalgia, regret, happiness and so on; and (4) The factors influencing emotional evaluation; (5) The measurement of emotions. From using emotional scales developed by emotional theorists to develop tourist emotion scales. Nowadays, some psycho-physiological methods are used to measure the real-time emotional responses; (6) Other related research: using big data to analyze the emotional experience of tourists. Although studies have been made to explore the relationship between emotion and outcome variables in different research contexts, however, the antecedents of emotions and the identification of emotional triggers in specific situations are limited, which should be the focus of future tourist emotion research. Only in this way we may deepen our understanding of the emotional experience, so as to design tourism products more effectively and enhance the tourist experience.

Social media(SM) plays an important role in tourism. It shapes how travellers make decision and change their pre-travel, during travel and post-travel behaviours. SM has also influenced tourism industry practice in the areas of marketing, sales and product development. How Chinese nationals engage with SM in tourism activities is under researched. There have been statistics reporting the usage of the Internet and ICT applications by Chinese nationals. However these statistics are simply descriptive parameters, and cannot provide in-depth insight into SM adoption for tourism in China. Therefore, this study explores the use of SM in tourism-related activities in China with the aim to understand the role of SM in China’s tourism sphere.The research focused on the use of three most popular SM websites, which were RenRen, Sina Weibo and Douban, in tourism-related activities in China.The exploratory research has identified that Chinese use SM to share information about, and personal evaluation of, destinations, tourism products, itineraries of travel, visa and currency exchange. The selected SM sites provide Chinese users a space for open communication and freely exchange of ideas, emotions and cognitive insights into travel, life and being. The technology also offers them a new way of socialising with each other. Renren and Donban in particular give Chinese bloggers a space to freely externalise their deep reflection on travel, life and being in the public domain. Through this process of knowledge transformation, a discursive discourse of tourism representation and understanding is created and re-created. Therefore, SM is more than just an information communication channel. It is a creator that enables the expansion of tourism boundary and a shaper that constantly shapes tourism as a human social conduct within that boundary. The paper argues that SM should not only be regarded as information communication channels, but also a creator and a shaper to forge what tourism is in the contemporary societies.

The complexity and great change of overall conditions for consumption and individual consumers provide new perspectives and methods for researching tourist buying decision behavior. Both domestic and overseas research on tourist buying decision behavior has given rise to the theories of consumer information processing and of decision-making. This paper first reviews the evolution of overseas comparative consumer decision-making theory; proposes three research prospects represented by digital platforms, cultural differences, and sustainable consumption; and describes the progress of online field experiments as a research method. In domestic tourism research, the focus is primarily on the transformation of marketing modes and consumer orientation. However, inadequate attention has been paid to the IHIP attributes of tourism and the development of domestic tourism consumption. The theory of consumer decision-making does not play an active role in tourism research. It is obviously difficult to apply systematic theories and framework to making world-class academic innovation. Therefore, the paper proposes to improve the framework of information processing and decision-making theory, given new phenomena in tourism. It aims at using the development of Chinese tourism to make better theoretical and practical contributions to tourism research.

As the first Disneyland park in China, Shanghai Disney occupies a specific political, economic, and cultural position within the country. Inevitably, the Disney park faces a variety of business risks, including cultural conflicts, government policy, and intense competition.
This study analyzes the core stakeholders of Shanghai Disney and considers the sources of its business risk, establishing an index system for evaluating it. Using factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, it identifies the key influencing factors that affect the park’s business risk accurately and comprehensively. These in turn form the basis of the article’s recommendations to the management of Shanghai Disney.
From the stakeholder perspective, this study establishes a research framework of internal and external risks, combining the viewpoints of local communities (residents), government departments, tourists, and related enterprises. Through the methods of literature review, interviews, field investigation, and online review, this paper identifies the key business risk factors and constructs an evaluation framework based on the systematic index system for the business risk of Shanghai Disney.
Based on the data, this study analyzes Shanghai Disney’s business risk through exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis. The results indicate that the main business risk factors faced by the Disney park include tourist experience, business management, living environment, cultural differences, and market competition. Furthermore, the results of multiple stepwise regression analysis reveale that business management factor has the greatest influence on risk, while living environment has the least impact. Moreover, the investment return factor has no significant influence. Based on these conclusions, this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions for Shanghai Disney to control and prevent business risks.

This paper aims to introduce the theory of sensory marketing by highlighting its significance and necessity to destination marketing, analyzing its basic principles and psychological rationale, and constructing a basic research framework for its application to the destination context. Two fundamental problems must be solved when applying the sensory method to destination marketing. One concerns how to effectively express and transmit the sensory information of destination resources and position; the other deals with the behavioral mechanism and outcomes of tourists in sensory marketing. Keeping these two problems in mind, this study further systematically summarizes and reviews the domestic and international literature on destination marketing from 2000 to 2016, in the perspective of each five-sense dimension, namely vision, audition, taste, smell and touch. A total of 191 English articles and 90 Chinese papers are obtained. Historically, the number of English literature shows an increasing trend, while the number of Chinese literature has not.The extant destination marketing research lacks a systematic thinking of the sensory perspective, whose use has not received due attention for a long time. Unfortunately, the indispensability of sense in the theory system of destination marketing has not yet been realized by scholars in this field. This will ultimately lead to the vacancy of “sense” in destination marketing. Overall, the overload of visual sense and vacancy of other sense dimensions in the extant destination marketing create new opportunities for sensory marketing. The allopatric nature of destination marketing makes the adoption of senses face a big obstacle, but special techniques can make up for this flaw. Multi-sensory interaction research is particularly scarce. The play of a synergistic effect among the senses is especially worthy of examination.

By collecting and screening 74 papers related to tourist destination image research in the big data environment — and published in the Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), and Peking University Chinese Core Journal Catalog (2020 Edition), as of April 2023 — this study combs through the current status of the field, and analyzes and summarizes existing research from three perspectives — data (sources and modalities), methodology, and technology (tools) — and looks forward to future research trends. The research shows that user-generated content is the main data source, textual data is dominant in terms of modality, and content analysis is the basic method of tourist destination image research in the big data environment. Other commonly used methods in the field of computer science — such as sentiment analysis, topic modeling, image annotation, and image recognition — can also be classified into this category. Technically, application programming interfaces (APIs) and software tools are mostly used, and the application of deep learning mainly focuses on image data, which has not yet been fully investigated in research on the image of tourist destinations.

In the context of integrated development of culture and tourism, the establishment and development of the theory of aesthetic experience provide a fresh theoretical perspective for researchers to re-explore the tourism experience. This article first defines the theoretical content, features, and levels of aesthetic experience. Then, it reviews the theoretical origin of aesthetic experience, mentioning that the interdisciplinary theoretical basis of aesthetic experience includes the theory of subject-object integration, the Gestalt principle, and the place theory. Next, this study presents an overview of tourism research that involves the theory of aesthetic experience. It finds that the tourism research results regarding aesthetic experience mainly focus on three aspects: tourists’ aesthetic perception, tourists’ aesthetic emotion, and the aesthetic value of the tourist experience. Finally, in accordance with hierarchical levels of aesthetic experience, this study establishes a tourism research framework incorporating three levels of aesthetic experience—aesthetic sense, aesthetic emotion, and aesthetic spirit—and proposes the direction and prospect for researching tourism experience from the perspective of the aesthetic ecosystem.

Based on the virtual tourism community context, this study adopts the S-O-R theory, social exchange theory and service scenario theory to construct a theoretical model of “customer-to-customer interactions—customer engagement—value co-creation interactive behavior” from the perspective of C2C interaction. An empirical study was conducted using 495 valid questionnaires collected by online and offline methods, and the data were processed and hypotheses were tested using SPSS26.0 and AMOS28.0 software. The study found that direct and indirect interactions between customers have significant positive effects on the cognitive, emotional, and intentional dimensions of customer engagement. However, differences exist in the effects of the sub-dimensions. Emotional and intentional dimensions of customer engagement have significant positive effects on users’value co-creation interactive behaviors, and mediate the effects of direct and indirect interactions on value co-creation interactive behaviors, respectively. Contrarily, cognitive engagement does not have a direct effect on value co-creation interactive behavior. This study provides a new perspective on value co-creation in virtual tourism communities, which will promote its sustainable development.

With the increasing diversification of tourist needs in the rural B&B sector, enhancing tourist experiences and understanding the factors influencing and the interaction mechanisms of behavioural intentions are of great significance for the development of the B&B industry. Based on this context, this study applies the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Theory to construct and empirically test a theoretical model exploring the impacts of nostalgic emotions, perceived value, and memorable tourism experiences on tourists’ behavioural intentions. The findings are as follows: (1) Nostalgic emotions significantly and positively affect perceived value and memorable tourism experiences. (2) Nostalgic emotions do not have a significant direct effect on behavioural intentions. (3) Perceived value positively influences memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions. (4) Memorable tourism experiences positively affect behavioural intentions. (5) Perceived value and memorable tourism experiences mediate the relationship between nostalgic emotions and behavioural intentions. This research provides theoretical support and empirical evidence for rural B&B operators to enhance tourist experiences and optimize development strategies.

The thematic literature review of the research topic is beneficial to theorize and systematize the evolution and development of the research content, and further, critically evaluate the overall development direction and future evolution. Based on the journal literatures of CNKI from 1987 to 2018 in approximately 30 years, this study statistically analyzes the basic pattern of tourist behavior in China (research stages, core institutions, core authors, core journals and research topics). The research on tourist behavior in China has going through four stages of gradual development: beginning, development, maturity and prosperity. In addition, the core institutions and authors have centralized and overlapped on geographical distribution, and the core authors are all full-time teachers or researchers, with higher professional titles. Finally, the top ten core journals mainly focus on the journals of tourism and geography. Based on these information, this paper summarizes and reviews the research results of tourist behavior in China from four aspects: perspective selection, theory promotion, method using and practical application. It is found that the study of tourist behavior in China is moving towards multi-perspective, multi-theory and multi-method, thus provides important implications for tourism practice. This paper proposes that the future study of Chinese tourist behavior should be further explored from four directions of object expansion, data acquisition, method update and theoretical construction. The study on localization of tourist behavior should not only focus on the universality of knowledge contribution, but also on the improvement based on China's own social and cultural characteristics, so as to realize the equal dialogue with international tourist behavior research and solve the practical problems of Chinese tourism development.

The emergence of alliances in the MICE industry challenges the governance of these network-based organizations. The existing literature on alliances focuses on the discussion of the motivation and benefits of establishing them in the MICE industry. It is insufficient to address the governance issues, including the emergence of the informal power structure, integration of complementary resources, and value capture of alliance partners, once an alliance is established. The literature on alliance governance and the study of inter-organizational cooperative behavior are still relatively independent of each other. To fill these research gaps, this paper carries out an in-depth longitudinal case study of the Hangzhou Convention Industry Alliance to explore how alliance governance mechanisms affect alliance performance in the MICE industry. Three alliance governance mechanisms emerge from the case study: coordination-based lateral authority, boundary-spanner based resource integration, and public-private balance-based value appropriation. Furthermore, the case study analyses how these three mechanisms of alliance governance co-evolve with the collaborative behaviors of partners in the alliance, which evolve from co-working to co-innovation. It also demonstrates how alliance performance is influenced by this co-evolution process. This study proposes a theoretical framework of “alliance governance - collaborative behavior - alliance performance.” It broadens the horizons of research on alliance governance by incorporating the theory of organizational behavior into the literature. In doing so, this paper has important implications for the development and innovation of the MICE industry.

Rural geography puts forward the definition of rural with rurality. Tourism geography thinks that rurality is the basis of rural tourism. However, with the development of urbanization and the change of tourists’ demand, rurality is losing and deconstructing. Does the loss of rurality mean the end? Do we need to return to (restore) the rurality or enter a new rurality (post rurality)? Based on the existing domestic and international literature, combined with the background of rural tourism development, this paper proposes to reconstruct the rurality——post rurality, and tentatively constructs six dimensions of post rurality: rural “new immigration”, rural “re-localization”, cultural urbanization, living to dwelling, urban-rural dual opposition to urban-rural continuum, community participation to community building. At the same time, based on the rurality index and the six dimensions of post rurality, this paper tentatively puts forward the indicators that should be considered in the post rurality index (PRI), including floating population, tourist satisfaction, tourism employment, modernity of residence, tourism activation of rural intangible cultural heritage, community governance structure of new able villagers, welfare localization, etc. The proposal of post rurality has theoretical and practical significance for the development of rural tourism theory and the optimization of rural tourism governance structure.

Promoting the high-quality development of rural tourism is a crucial path to fully realizing the rural revitalization strategy. Based on New Endogenous Development Theory, this paper constructs a theoretical model for the multidimensional high-quality development of rural tourism from the perspective of multi-actor collaboration and internal-external linkages. A quantitative empirical study is conducted based on survey data from 16 villages in 8 cities in Zhejiang Province (N=1,126). Using structural equation modeling with SmartPLS 4.0 software, the study finds: (1) The operation of tourism enterprises, local community involvement, and government policy support all have a significant positive impact on the economic, social, ecological, and cultural dimensions of high-quality rural tourism development. (2) Rural operational mechanisms drive local community participation, jointly promoting the high-quality development of rural tourism. (3) Government policy support effectively promotes internal community involvement and the operational engagement of tourism companies in rural areas. This paper provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the policy design and innovative practices of high-quality rural tourism development.

Articles were selected from the CNKI database using search terms such as “forest tourism” and “forest recreation” to find related literatures from 1992 to 2019 included in the core journals and CSSCI and CSCD of CNKI database. The results showed that current domestic forest tourism research can be roughly divided into four stages: forest tourism culture elements, good functions of forest tourism for health and the quality of forest tourism development, and the comprehensive efficiency of forest tourism and business efficiency. The content of the research follows the national policy guidance for the construction of ecological civilization evolution. In terms of research methods, this study gradually adopted the trend of combining quantitative research with the qualitative research effectively and integrated related disciplines. The core research contents are embodied in six aspects. forest tourism connotation, tourism destination, tourism source market, tourism impact and evaluation, efficiency and spatial structure characteristics. Future researchers should pay more attention to the depth development and functions of forest tourism, raising the functions of science popularization and forest ecological culture to meet the needs of tourists.

The wide use of Internet technology has brought in new methods and means for tourism research. As time goes on, Internet technology gradually has been applied to tourism image research. This paper took the official marketing organization and tourists as the research objects. The high-frequency words of official advertising text and tourists perceiving text were deeply analyzed and explained by using Rost Content Mining 6 software. Meanwhile, the dimensions of projected image and perceived image were extracted, and the similarities and differences between them were analyzed in the text. At last, it was found that the image of Guangzhou Qiqiao Festival had a multidimensional construction, both for its projected image and perceived image. Its projected image and perceived image had high consistency, but the dimension structure was different in some respects. On this basis, this paper constructs the image model of Guangzhou Qiqiao Festival which will enrich the research contents of the Festival & Special Event(FSE) and even the tourism image. Besides, it is also of some referential significance for the planning, marketing as well as organization of Festival & Special Event (FSE).

Against the background of increasingly fierce competition among tourist destinations, one of the major practical issues in local tourism development is how to improve tourist satisfaction. This issue has attracted extensive attention from the tourism industry and academia. As the demands of tourists appear more individualized, diversified, and experiential in the era of mass tourism, emphasis has been increasingly placed on the inner emotional experience of tourists. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore and understand the formation mechanism of tourist satisfaction by examining the emotional connection between tourists and destinations. This paper uses ancient towns to build a comprehensive influence model of tourism involvement and place attachment in relation to tourist satisfaction. The results indicate the following. First, in the circumstances of ancient towns, tourist involvement has a positive effect on tourist satisfaction and has indirect effects, as place attachment and experience quality may affect their relationship. Second, tourists’ place attachment to ancient towns not only has a significant and direct effect on tourist satisfaction but also exerts an indirect effect, as it may add to the quality of the tourist experience, which in turn enhances tourist satisfaction. Third, the quality of the tourist experience plays an important mediating role in the formation of tourist satisfaction. Finally, both place attachment and tourist involvement are important drivers of tourism experience quality. Therefore, the tourism authorities and operators of ancient towns should strive to shape up and preserve the distinct features of their localities, cultivate and foster tourists’ place attachment to their localities, improve the degree of tourist involvement, and optimize their tourist experience quality to maximize tourist satisfaction.

The tourism system and the transportation system are closely linked. On the one hand, the transportation is the lifeblood of the national economy and it’s of great strategic significance for the development of regional tourism economy and industry. On the other hand, the rapid development of the tourism industry also can promote the construction of transportation infrastructure. What’s more, the changes in tourism demand will improve the level of modernization of transportation and affect the development pattern of transportation modes. So tourism transportation has become the focus of attention of scholars. This article uses the literature research method to summarize the relevant literature about tourism transportation research at home and abroad, and deeply analyzes the current research status of tourism transportation from three perspectives: the research content, the research methods and the case studies. And the research content of tourism transportation literature at home and abroad will be analyzed from seven aspects which conclude the status of tourism transportation in the tourism system, the influence of tourism transportation on the attractiveness of tourism destinations, the role of tourism transportation in shaping the spatial pattern of regional tourism, the planning and development strategies of tourism transportation, the environmental impacts on tourism transport and the sustainable development, the interactive relationship between tourism and transportation. Finally, this paper gives prospect for research focus and direction from several aspects which conclude regional impact of high-speed rail on tourism system, the conflicts and development strategies of transportation for the rural cultural landscapes, the construction of risk assessment and prevention about tourism transportation, the assessment of cross-regional tourism traffic environmental impact and paying attention to the poor areas.

At present, tourism enterprise management in China is widespread and continually being enriched, which requires corresponding theoretical research for guidance. This paper serves two purposes. First, this paper analyzes the current relationship between the theory and practice of tourism enterprise management in China. An analysis of articles on tourism enterprise management published in CSSCI journals from 1998 to 2018 reveals a downward trend in publication numbers in recent years, and the concentration, depth, and relevance of research topics are insufficient. Based on a text analysis of expert speeches at a special seminar on tourism enterprise management in 2018, this paper summarizes and highlights the frontier and hot topics. In making a comparative analysis with the results of a literature analysis, this paper finds that there have been problems of "disconnection" and "mismatch" between tourism enterprise management research and practical issues in China in recent years. Second, this paper proposes a "cross-level and cross-sectional" research framework of tourism enterprise management, which points out that contextualization is an important way to construct the above research framework. It further puts forward a four-dimensional framework of "mature theory, emerging theory, known phenomenon, and new phenomenon" to illustrate how the contextualization theory of tourism enterprise management is constructed. The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in sorting out the research on domestic tourism enterprise management comprehensively and systematically and providing a practice-oriented research guide for follow-up research. This paper also proposes a theoretical framework of tourism enterprise management and the construction of situational theory, which offers new concepts and directions for improving the current research paradigm of domestic tourism enterprise management. Such a framework is conducive to formulating new theoretical ideas and strategies for research on tourism enterprise management.

Both at home and abroad, the integration of rural culture and the tourism industry has been increasingly thriving, constituting a significant means of revitalizing rural areas. Against the backdrop of industrial integration, this paper clarifies and summarizes relevant concepts surrounding the amalgamation of rural culture and tourism. This paper begins by examining theoretical and practical research concerning the integration of culture and the tourism industry and then systematically reviews the current literature on the integration mechanism, the integration effect, and integration modes and pathways with regard to rural culture and the tourism industry both in a domestic and an international context. Findings show that (1) research on the integration of rural culture and tourism exhibits the prominent characteristics of the time, and there is a substantial difference between Chinese and Western contexts; (2) the theory of the integration of rural culture and tourism is parallel with empirical research; (3) research has shown a trend of diversification. Based on this literature review, this study also proposes additional research prospects in the hope of providing some inspiration and reference for future research and for the development of the integration of rural culture and tourism.

The influence of cultural distance on tourists' behavior is an emerging and important research topic, and a considerable amount of research literature has appeared. Nevertheless, researchers have neglected to offer a systematic and comprehensive review and reflection on this topic. This paper reviews and analyzes the construct measurement, influence mechanism, interpretation theory, and other aspects. The results suggest: (1) There are two different orientations in the study of cultural distance in tourism research—one based on the differences of collective values in the domain of cross-cultural management, the other on individual subjective perception in the field of cross-cultural communication. The former has a great influence on tourism research, and tourism academia has recently begun to attach importance to the research on perceived cultural distance. (2) Cultural distance in the background of tourism is a huge potential research direction that has accumulated abundant empirical research in the field of transnational tourism. (3) The lack of appropriate measurement of the construct, systematic research framework, and effective interpretation theory has prevented clear conclusions on the kind of influence cultural distance has on tourists and the kind of mechanism affecting aspects of behavior in different tourists' activity. Therefore, based on existing research, this paper offers a construct definition of tourists' perceived cultural distance (TPCD) and a conceptual research framework that describes the influence of cultural distance on tourists' behavior, pointing out some major directions for future research and providing useful ideas and contributions for future theoretical research and industry development.

Family is the basic unit of society, and the effect of the economic behaviors of spouses has been the focus of Western economic sociology. Due to the cultural differences between China and Western countries, family economic behavior may vary. Based on CGSS 2010-15 data, this article uses the tourism industry to analyze the impact of the employment forms of spouses on their entrepreneurial behavior. The employment forms of spouses are divided by employment status, type, ownership nature of the company, and whether the work is full-time. The findings show that employment in state-owned enterprises reduces the probability of spouses surviving entrepreneurship behavior and opportunistic entrepreneurship behavior. The employment experience in Hong Kongese, Macanese and Taiwanese enterprises, foreign capital companies, and private enterprises increases the probability of spouses surviving entrepreneurship behavior but does not affect opportunistic entrepreneurship behavior. Furthermore, this article divides employment status into employed, informal employment, subsistence entrepreneurship, and opportunistic entrepreneurship. The results show that survival entrepreneurship behavior reduces the probability of spouse opportunistic entrepreneurship but increases survival entrepreneurship. However, formal and informal employment reduce the probability of both types of entrepreneurship behaviors. Based on these findings, policy recommendations are provided.

Improving the quality of tourism public services is essential not only to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of tourism and improve quality and efficiency but also to enhance tourists’ well-being. This study, from the perspective of tourism experience, constructs a multiple intermediary model of the influence of tourism public service quality on tourists’ well-being. Structural equation and Bootstrap methods are used to test the model. The results reveal that, experience value positively mediates the impact of information communication service quality and administrative supervision service quality on eudaimonia enjoyment and the impact of information communication service quality, security service quality and administrative supervision service quality on hedonic enjoyment; experience satisfaction positively mediates the impact of information communication service quality and administrative supervision service quality on both eudaimonia enjoyment and hedonic enjoyment; the alternative attractiveness negatively moderates the impact of public facilities service quality, convenience and benefit service quality, and administrative supervision service quality on experience value and the impact of public facilities service quality and convenience and benefit service quality on experience satisfaction. This study integrates the dual structure of subjective well-being and psychological well-being and expands the research on tourists’ well-being. Additionally, it defines the psychological mechanism and boundary conditions of the influence of tourism public service quality on tourists’ well-being, providing important enlightenment for improving tourism public service quality and enhancing tourists’ long-term well-being.

In recent years, slow tourism has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad, but there are few empirical analyses of cases from the “tourism and modernity” perspective. Using the interview data of interviewees and potential tourists who have visited the Old Town of Lijiang, qualitative research methods were applied to the high-frequency word extraction and rooted theory coding analysis of the interviews to explore the two dimensions of slow tourism—environment and slow travel experience—in the Old Town of Lijiang. At the same time, the development of the Old Town of Lijiang as a slow tourist destination is primarily due to the interaction between the natural environment and the local life, which is the basis of local slow tourism. Tourism stakeholders have also created the symbols of “slowness.” The meaning is in line with the needs of contemporary tourists and promotes the development of slow tourism in the Old Town of Lijiang.

The rapid proliferation of immersive tourism performance has outpaced academic research, which has created a disparity between development in practice and scholarly investigations. Notably, characterized by interactivity and participation, immersive tourism performance hinges primarily on visitors’ embodied experiences within the local context, and further exploration of specific dimensions of immersive tourism performance is warranted. Guided by embodiment theory, we construct an experience quality evaluation of such performance based on tourists’ body, cognition, and situational factors. We further adopt content analysis and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to comprehensively evaluate immersive tourism performance, considering network evaluation as the analytic text. Our study derives the following findings: (1) The experience quality evaluation system of immersive tourism performance is constructed from four dimensions, with particular emphasis on the role of “body” factors in tourism experience, to accurately and comprehensively measure the quality of immersive tourism performance experience. (2) The quality of tourism experience is relatively satisfactory. Tourists have a good evaluation of embodied participation and experience situational dimensions, while the evaluation of product cognition and service cognition is at a general level. (3) Tourists obtain flow and meaning experiences in product cognition, and the generation of meaning experience can bring more lasting satisfaction, while performance rhythm plays a catalytic role. The service cognition indicators are rated low, which suggests that the various services provided by immersive tourism performance to tourists are not ideal. Physical participation includes the multi-sensory experience of using the body passively, with vision as the dominant factor, and the somatosensory experience of using the body actively, with kinesthetics as the dominant factor. The latter facilitates easier stimulation of tourists to exert their subjective initiative; it extends the experience situation and adds social situation elements based on previous research. (4) IPA reveals that the performance team, sense of substitution, sensory experience, and other elements are its advantages, which must be maintained in the future. The performance rhythm, atmosphere of fellow tourists, service guidance, and other elements fall into the opportunity area, which should be further developed and improved. The performance content factors fall into the key improvement area, and the immersive tourism performance project must take effective measures immediately. The study broadens the research perspective of tourism experience quality, enriches embodied experience research context, and presents recommendations for upgrading the quality and competitiveness of immersive tourism performance.

In recent times, sensory marketing has increasingly been applied to tourist destination marketing. Given the importance of sensory marketing, this article explains the principles of sensory marketing. It introduces the embodied cognitive theory which serves as the psychological foundation of sensory marketing, and mirror neurons which are the physiological evidence of sensory marketing. Furthermore, this article proposes that “sensory impression” can be used as a measurement in destination sensory marketing research, and that sensory impression can be compared with the perceived image used in traditional destination marketing research to illustrate the difference between the two in terms of the psychological mechanisms involved in their respective formation. On the whole, this paper summarizes the theoretical basis of sensory marketing and proposes measurements for reference and use in the research and practice of destination sensory marketing.

Health and wellness tourism has become a new trend for travel in the last two decades and gained growing attention from the academic world. However, most of the existing studies are descriptive, focusing on the particular aspects of health and wellness tourism's supply and demand, as well as its political economic analysis. There is still a lack of theoretical explanation for the mechanism how tourists improve their health and wellbeing during their travels. This paper proposes that the concept of ‘therapeutic mobilities’ should be adopted to understand the phenomenon of health and wellness tourism so as to resolve the dilemma of lacking theoretical perspectives and contributions in current health tourism research. The conceptualization of therapeutic mobilities provides a theoretical perspective for understanding the relations between mobilities, place and health, and therefore it can be applied to the tourism research field to examine how tourism mobilities promote people’s health and wellbeing. Meanwhile, the context of travel can further enhance the depth and breadth of therapeutic mobilities theory. The integration of health tourism and therapeutic mobilities will advance the intersection of tourism geography and health geography, providing a deeper understanding of mobilities, place and health.

The development and application of “Internet + tourism” has changed the structure, business practices, and strategies of the tourism industry significantly, and it has increased the competition and cooperation between online travel agencies (OTAs) and traditional (offline) travel agencies (TTAs). This paper takes the competition and cooperation between OTAs and TTAs as the research object and uses grounded theory to analyze the interviews of the two kinds of tourism enterprises. A co-competition theory model is developed based on the co-competition two-dimensional model, which explores the push, pull, and resistance of the co-competition process with regards to its antecedent variables, interactions, and evolutions. The results indicate that the strategic needs, resource heterogeneity, and risk sharing of tourism enterprises promote the formation and development of co-competition theory. Providing comprehensive service, sharing tourism information, and developing professional talent promote the evolution of co-competition theory. The uneven distribution of interests, corporate culture differences, and single or blocked communication channels hinder the deepening of co-competition theory. This study clarifies the co-competition mechanism between OTAs and TTAs for the first time and has great significance for the deep integration, mutual benefit, and win-win of online and offline tourism enterprises in practice.

The integration of culture and tourism industries is an inevitable requirement for the high-quality development of China’s tourism industry, and it is also inherently essential to compensate for the weaknesses of tourism development and promote its transformation and upgrading. This study uses the coupling coordination model to assess the development level of cultural and tourism integration in 30 provinces (cities) in China from 2010 to 2019, and then introduces the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method to explore the development path of cultural and tourism integration in China based on the driving conditions of demand, supply, and support. The results reveal the following: (1) The overall development level of China’s cultural tourism industry has improved in the 2010-2019 period, but great regional heterogeneity exists in different regions. (2) From the perspective of the overall development path of culture and tourism in China, demand and support are important conditions, whereas residents’ consumption power and regional transportation play a particularly prominent role. (3) Significant differences exist in the development paths of the eastern, central, and western regions. The development of the eastern region is predominantly driven by demand combined with support, whereas the development of the central region is boosted by support and demand separately; meanwhile, the development of the western region is driven by both demand and demand-support. The results indicate that local governments should pay attention to synergizing the multiple conditions of supply, demand, and support; effectively adjust the strategy for cultural tourism development considering local conditions; and improve the targeted core driving capacity to break the bottlenecks of the development.

Tourism flow is one of the main focuses of tourism research. The application of big data technology to tourism flow research is gradually becoming a trend. This study aims to understand the state-of-the-art tourism flow research from the perspective of big data application. We selected articles published in international academic journals as the research objects, summarized the research progress in relevant fields, and proposed research prospects. The analysis indicates that (1) since 2013, research on tourism flow, from the perspective of big data application, has shown a rapid development trend. Relevant research involves tourism, management, economy, information technology, and other fields with a development trend of diversified achievements. (2) based on keyword co-occurrence network analysis, it was divided into five condensed subsets. In terms of research themes, we found that achievements mainly focused on the measurement and characterization of tourism flow, the spatiotemporal pattern and effects of tourism flow, influencing factors, and prediction of tourism flow. In terms of application data, user-generated equipment and management data were the main data sources for analysis. The main methods included spatial statistics and analysis, network analysis, model construction, and interactive integration of different research methods. (3) existing research results show an imbalance in terms of themes, data, and methods. In the future, it is urgent to continue to explore and deepen the expansion of research themes, the fusion of big and small data, and the integration of multidisciplinary methods.

This article used Citespace, an information visualization program, to analyse 1252 relevant papers in the CNKI database of core Chinese journals from 1993 to 2018. The authors produced a knowledge map of tourism image research in China and then extracted the research author, research agency, burst word, keyword and cluster of this domain. Firstly, the results show that the critical study of domestic tourism images began in 1993, and the number of publications fluctuated with time; the largest number of publications came in 2011. Secondly, the analysis revealed that, whilst their research is widely available, the number of academics working in this field is small. There are just five core teams and six sub-core research teams. Ma Yaofeng is the author with the most significant number of articles, and Lu Xingyang is the author with the largest detection value on Burst. Thirdly, the strength of cooperation between research institutions often depends on their relative geographical locations, whilst inter-regional and inter-departmental cooperation is mainly based on the relationship of learning edge. The School of Tourism and Environment at Shanxi Normal University is the institution that has produced the largest number of publications. Lastly, the article shows that research concerning travel images in China has undergone three stages: exploration, development, and maturity. The research perspective is narrow, and the data sources are diverse. The research focuses on cognitive images, emotional images, and perception images, amongst others.

In recent years, public opinion crises regarding tourist destinations have generated public opinion storms on social media platforms such as microblogs. Based on the SMCC theory, this paper takes the online public opinion crisis caused by the food defendants banned from Shanghai Disneyland as the research object and uses the social network analysis method to explore the transmission mechanism of tourism online public opinion crisis in the era of social media. This study enriches the existing communication theories of the public opinion crisis as regards tourist destinations, and provides lessons for the management and control of a tourism network public opinion crisis. The study finds that the public opinion field, composed of “word-of-mouth”, provides the basic power source for a public opinion crisis. Indeed, the improper crisis response strategy of Shanghai Disneyland, and the consensus space formed by influential social media content creators and the public under the mainstream media agenda setting, made the online public opinion crisis concerning Shanghai Disneyland increasingly fierce and sent the destination to the center of public opinion.

The digital economy has increasingly become an important driving force of high-quality development, and understanding the internal laws that empower high-quality development in the tourism industry is of great significance. Based on the empowerment theory of the digital economy, this study constructed a dynamic analytical framework for the relationship between digital economy and high-quality tourism development and established a PSTR model using provincial panel data to explore the enabling effect and mechanism of the digital economy on the high-quality development of tourism. The results show that (1) the empowering effect of the digital economy on high-quality tourism development has dynamic nonlinear characteristics and has passed the robustness test of various methods. (2) The digital economy has the transmission effect of empowering high-quality tourism development through the efficiency and structure of the tourism industry. (3) The enabling effect of the digital economy on high-quality tourism development is regionally heterogeneous, and the empowerment effect is weaker in regions with higher economic development levels. This study enriches the theory of digital economy empowerment, providing policy suggestions for high-quality tourism development in the digital era.