A Cluster Analysis of the Sense of Place of Local Residents Living in the Dark Tourism Sites of Wenchuan Earthquake

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.145

Abstract

Abstract:

The reconstruction in the aftermath of an earthquake provides a unique experimental arena for exploring issues in earthquake-stricken areas. This study investigates the sense of place of residents living in dark tourism sites related to the Great Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008. Particular interest is given to how local communities may be clustered according to their sense of place and the extent to which the identified clusters are different. The results identify three dimensions of sense of place by employing the Principal Component Analysis, including place identity, place dependence, and place attachment. This is followed by the K-Means Cluster Analysis, revealing three clusters of respondents: attachment identified with the place, dependence attached to the place, and weak bonds. The Contingency Table Analysis further suggests that the clusters differ distinctively in socio-economic profiles like gender, occupation, and length of residence. The cluster of attachment identified with the place differs slightly from clusters of dependence attached to the place and weak bonds, as the dominant groups are female respondents under 18 who have lived in Beichuan County for over ten years. The cluster of attachment identified with the place is primarily composed of senior high school students, while the latter two categories are mainly junior high school students or elementary school students. It is hoped that this study, with its practical implications, may provide insight into the planning of ideal reconstruction for earthquake-stricken areas.

Key words: sense of place, dark tourism, memorial site of earthquake, cluster analysis

摘要：

大地震后的地方重建为震区地方性问题研究提供了良好实验场所。本文以汶川地震黑色旅游地社区居民为研究对象,通过问卷调查,揭示了汶川地震黑色旅游地的地方感维度特征以及基于地方感维度的居民聚类特征与差异性特征。结果表明：地方感测试项经降维处理,延续了包含地方认同、地方依赖与地方依恋在内的三维量表特征;对地方感进行主成分因子分析,可逐步聚类为“依恋认同型”“依赖依恋型”“微弱依赖型”3种类型的人群,这3类人群在性别、职业及本地居住时间变量上存在显著差异;在依赖依恋型与微弱依赖型中占主导地位的人群多是在北川羌族自治县居住了10年以上且年龄18岁以下的女性学生群体,接受调研期间她们正处于小学、初中或中专学习阶段;在依恋认同型中占主导地位的人群与前两类基本一致,不同之处是接受调研期间她们正处于高中或职高学习阶段。本文希望为规划建设理想的灾后地方性空间提供一定的启示与借鉴。

关键词: 地方感, 黑色旅游, 地震纪念地, 聚类分析

CLC Number:

TANG Yong,ZHONG Meiling,WANG Yaoshu,QIN Hongyao,FU Yingying. A Cluster Analysis of the Sense of Place of Local Residents Living in the Dark Tourism Sites of Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2020, 4(6): 28-42.

唐勇,钟美玲,王尧树,秦宏瑶,傅滢滢. 汶川地震黑色旅游地社区居民地方感聚类研究[J]. 旅游导刊, 2020, 4(6): 28-42.

Figures/Tables 6

References 49

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测试项	参考项	参考文献
我对这个地方很有感情	I am very attached to this place	Manzo,2003;Hernández,Hidalgo & Salazar-Laplace,et al.,2007
住在这里让我感到自在	This place makes me feel relaxed
如果搬到其他地方住,我会非常难过	Would be disappointed if it did not exist
如果长时间到外地,我会非常想念这里	I miss this place when I’m away
我已融入了当地生活	I feel like this place is a part of me
这里是我成长的地方	This place says a lot about who I am	Brown & Raymond,2007
这个地方是我的家乡	I identify strongly with this place
这个地方带给我许多回忆	I think a lot about coming here
这个地方对我有特别的意义	This place is very special to me
我在这里比在其他地方生活得更好	Meets my needs better than any other location	Proshansky,Fabian & Kaminoff,1983
这里的生活环境比其他地方都好	No other place can compare to this area
没有任何地方比这里更好	I can’t imagine a better place for what I like to do
这里是我最愿意住的地方	This is the best place for what I like to do

测试项	参考项	参考文献
我对这个地方很有感情	I am very attached to this place	Manzo,2003;Hernández,Hidalgo & Salazar-Laplace,et al.,2007
住在这里让我感到自在	This place makes me feel relaxed
如果搬到其他地方住,我会非常难过	Would be disappointed if it did not exist
如果长时间到外地,我会非常想念这里	I miss this place when I’m away
我已融入了当地生活	I feel like this place is a part of me
这里是我成长的地方	This place says a lot about who I am	Brown & Raymond,2007
这个地方是我的家乡	I identify strongly with this place
这个地方带给我许多回忆	I think a lot about coming here
这个地方对我有特别的意义	This place is very special to me
我在这里比在其他地方生活得更好	Meets my needs better than any other location	Proshansky,Fabian & Kaminoff,1983
这里的生活环境比其他地方都好	No other place can compare to this area
没有任何地方比这里更好	I can’t imagine a better place for what I like to do
这里是我最愿意住的地方	This is the best place for what I like to do

变量	频次	百分比（%）	变量	频次	百分比（%）
性别			学历
男女 N/A	200 296 16	39.1 57.8 3.1	中专、初中、小学高中、职高大专本科硕士及以上其他 N/A	226 192 44 37 2 3 8	11.8 12.5 19.8 32.1 23.8 0.6 1.6
年龄
18岁以下 18~24岁 25~34岁 35~44岁 45~54岁 55~64岁 65岁及以上 N/A	227 69 72 64 47 12 19 2	44.3 13.5 14.1 12.5 9.2 2.4 3.7 0.3
			常住地
			北川县汉旺镇映秀镇其他 N/A	258 153 71 24 6	50.4 29.9 13.9 4.7 1.1
职业			本地居住时间
全职工作兼职工作学生自主创业退休待业其他 N/A	94 16 257 42 25 23 48 7	18.4 3.1 50.2 8.2 4.9 4.5 9.4 1.3	1~4年 5~10年 10年以上 N/A	112 92 284 24	21.9 18.0 55.5 4.6
			是否支持地震旅游
			反对无所谓支持 N/A	23 61 415 13	4.5 11.9 81.1 2.5

变量	频次	百分比（%）	变量	频次	百分比（%）
性别			学历
男女 N/A	200 296 16	39.1 57.8 3.1	中专、初中、小学高中、职高大专本科硕士及以上其他 N/A	226 192 44 37 2 3 8	11.8 12.5 19.8 32.1 23.8 0.6 1.6
年龄
18岁以下 18~24岁 25~34岁 35~44岁 45~54岁 55~64岁 65岁及以上 N/A	227 69 72 64 47 12 19 2	44.3 13.5 14.1 12.5 9.2 2.4 3.7 0.3
			常住地
			北川县汉旺镇映秀镇其他 N/A	258 153 71 24 6	50.4 29.9 13.9 4.7 1.1
职业			本地居住时间
全职工作兼职工作学生自主创业退休待业其他 N/A	94 16 257 42 25 23 48 7	18.4 3.1 50.2 8.2 4.9 4.5 9.4 1.3	1~4年 5~10年 10年以上 N/A	112 92 284 24	21.9 18.0 55.5 4.6
			是否支持地震旅游
			反对无所谓支持 N/A	23 61 415 13	4.5 11.9 81.1 2.5

测试项	人数（N）	均值（M）	标准差（D）	有效百分比VF（%）
测试项	人数（N）	均值（M）	标准差（D）	完全不同意	基本不同意	一般	完全同意	基本同意
这个地方带给我许多回忆	496	4.13	1.136	4.8	4.8	15.3	23.0	52.0
我对这个地方很有感情	496	4.11	0.984	2.6	2.4	20.4	30.2	44.4
这个地方对我有特别的意义	491	4.11	1.044	3.5	4.1	16.5	29.9	46.0
如果搬到其他地方住,我会非常想念这里	492	4.08	1.092	4.3	5.1	15.0	29.7	45.9
我已融入了当地生活	491	4.07	1.073	3.9	4.5	17.7	29.1	44.8
这个地方是我的家乡	491	4.03	1.337	9.4	6.9	10.8	17.1	55.8
住在这里让我感到自在	493	4.02	1.016	2.6	4.9	19.9	32.7	40.0
这里是我成长的地方	494	3.89	1.383	11.1	6.5	15.0	16.6	50.8
这里是我最愿意住的地方	496	3.79	1.173	5.6	7.9	24.0	27.0	35.5
我在这里比在其他地方生活得更好	491	3.65	1.101	4.5	8.1	33.2	26.7	27.5
这里的生活环境比其他地方都好	492	3.57	1.129	5.5	9.1	33.7	25.8	25.8
如果搬到其他地方住,我会非常难过	495	3.43	1.205	8.5	11.5	31.3	25.5	23.2
没有任何地方比这里更好	491	3.32	1.208	10.0	12.8	31.4	26.7	19.1
M=3.86