所见即所得：旅游眼动研究述评与展望

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.164

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旅游作为一种视觉体验活动,探究旅游者的注视兴趣、视觉轨迹及其影响对发现旅游者视线特点、改进视觉对象的呈现方式具有重要意义。受限于传统自我报告研究方法所存在的主观偏差,如何更加客观科学地揭示旅游者视觉规律成为旅游学界亟待解决的研究课题。近年来,眼动追踪技术不断成熟,使得通过眼动探究内心成为可能,并逐渐引起旅游学者的重视。基于此,本文首先介绍了眼动原理和眼动追踪技术的发展脉络,然后总结和分析了心理学与管理学等领域的眼动研究进展,并对旅游领域的眼动研究现状进行了系统的文献述评,最后探讨了未来的研究展望。研究发现,近年来国内外旅游学界对眼动研究的关注开始升温,成果数量呈现上升趋势。目前该领域的研究热点主要集中在旅游营销、旅游地图与旅游地空间感知以及旅游资源评价等方面。本文基于对旅游眼动研究框架的梳理,建议未来可以从挖掘眼动心理机制、关注视觉材料加工模式、探索眼动指标、提升眼动研究外部效度以及规范眼动研究流程等方面作进一步探索。

关键词: 眼动追踪技术; 注意力; 视觉; 研究综述; 实验范式

Abstract:

Tourism has long been characterized by visual experience activities. It is, therefore, important for tourism scholars to explore tourists’ visual interests and paths, as well as their subsequent influences, to improve the display of visual stimuli and identify tourists’ visual patterns. Restricted by the subjective bias in the self-report method, the question of how to shed light on tourists’ visual patterns objectively has become an important research topic to be solved urgently. The recent rapid development of eye-tracking techniques is paving the way for exploring people's internal minds and has attracted a great deal of attention from tourism scholars. In this context, this paper first introduces the physiological bases of eye-tracking and the development of eye-tracking techniques. It then reviews the development of eye-tracking studies in the fields of psychology and management. The paper further focuses on the progress and prospects of eye-tracking in the tourism field, finding that eye-tracking research has gained increasing interest. At present, eye-tracking research has mainly explored tourism marketing, tourism map design, tourists' spatial perception, and tourism resources evaluation. Finally, the paper discusses the proposed research framework and provides insightful suggestions for future tourism eye-tracking studies.

Keywords: eye-tracking techniques; attention; visual sense; research review; experimental paradigm

中图分类号:

刘必强,黎耀奇. 所见即所得：旅游眼动研究述评与展望[J]. 旅游导刊, 2021, 5(1): 76-102.

LIU Biqiang,LI Yaoqi. What You See Is What You Get: A Research Review and Prospects of Tourism Eye-Tracking Studies[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2021, 5(1): 76-102.

图/表 5

参考文献 97

[1]	Adil S, Lacoste-Badie S, Droulers O. Face presence and gaze direction in print advertisements:How they influence consumer responses:An eye-tracking study[J]. Journal of Advertising Research, 2018,58(4):443~455.
[2]	Aryee S, Walumbwa F O, Seidu E Y M, et al. Developing and leveraging human capital resource to promote service quality:Testing a theory of performance[J]. Journal of Management, 2016,42(2):480~499.
[3]	Atalay A S, Bodur H O, Rasolofoarison D. Shining in the center:Central gaze cascade effect on product choice[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2012,39(4):848~866.
[4]	Babakhani N, Lee A, Dolnicar S. Carbon labels on restaurant menus:Do people pay attention to them?[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2020,28(1):51~68.
[5]	Babakhani N, Randle M, Dolnicar S. Do tourists notice social responsibility information?[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020,23(5):559~571.
[6]	Babakhani N, Ritchie B W, Dolnicar S. Improving carbon offsetting appeals in online airplane ticket purchasing:Testing new messages,and using new test methods[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2017,25(7):955~969.
[7]	Boz H, Arslan A, Koc E. Neuromarketing aspect of tour?sm pricing psychology[J]. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2017(23):119~128.
[8]	Burton S, Howlett E, Tangari A H. Food for thought:How will the nutrition labeling of quick service restaurant menu items influence consumers’ product evaluations,purchase intentions,and choices?[J]. Journal of Retailing, 2009,85(3):258~273.
[9]	Del Campo V L, Fari?as A C, Márquez F J D, et al. The influence of refereeing experiences judging offside actions in football[J]. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2018(37):139~145.
[10]	Dowray S, Swartz J J, Braxton D, et al. Potential effect of physical activity based menu labels on the calorie content of selected fast food meals[J]. Appetite, 2013(62):173~181.
[11]	Drichoutis A C, Nayga Jr R M, Lazaridis P. Food away from home expenditures and obesity among older Europeans:Are there gender differences?[J]. Empirical Economics, 2012,42(3):1051~1078.
[12]	Duchowski A T. A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications[J]. Behavior Research Methods,Instruments & Computers, 2002,34(4):455~470.
[13]	Ellert G, Schafmeister G, Mueller F, et al. The influence of alcohol on advertising perception and recall during a sports viewing experience[J]. European Sport Management Quarterly, 2014,14(2):153~170.
[14]	Feighey W. Negative image? Developing the visual in tourism research[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2003,6(1):76~85.
[15]	Franks I M, Lajoie J M. A note on the response complexity effect in eye movements[J]. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1998,69(1):64~69.
[16]	Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life[M]. London:Harmondsworth, 1978.
[17]	Graham D J, Jeffery R W. Location,location,location:Eye-tracking evidence that consumers preferentially view prominently positioned nutrition information[J]. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2011,111(11):1704~1711.
[18]	Hancock D J, Ste-Marie D M. Gaze behaviors and decision making accuracy of higher- and lower-level ice hockey referees[J]. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2013,14(1):66~71.
[19]	Hem L E, Iversen N M, Gr?nhaug K. Advertising effects of photos used to portray nature-based tourism attractions[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2003,3(1):48~70.
[20]	Hernández-Méndez J, Mu?oz-Leiva F. What type of online advertising is most effective for eTourism 2.0? An eye tracking study based on the characteristics of tourists[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015(50):618~625.
[21]	Hüttermann S, Memmert D. The attention window:A narrative review of limitations and opportunities influencing the focus of attention[J]. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2017,88(2):169~183.
[22]	Hüttermann S, Memmert D, Liesner F. Finding the happy medium:An analysis of gaze behavior strategies in a representative task design of soccer penalties[J]. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2014,26(2):172~181.
[23]	Kenny D A, Albright L. Accuracy in interpersonal perception:A social relations analysis[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1987,102(3):390~402.
[24]	Kim E, Tang L, Meusel C, et al. Optimization of menu-labeling formats to drive healthy dining:An eye tracking study[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2018(70):37~48.
[25]	Kim H C, Jeong J Y. Effect of celebrity endorsement in marketing of musicals:Poster versus social networking site[J]. Social Behavior and Personality:An International Journal, 2016,44(8):1243~1253.
[26]	Kong S J, Huang Z F, Scott N, et al. Web advertisement effectiveness evaluation:Attention and memory[J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2019,25(1):130~146.
[27]	Krugman H E. The impact of television advertising:Learning without involvement[J]. Public Opinion Quarterly, 1965,29(3):349~356.
[28]	Le D, Hadinejad A, Moyle B, et al. A review of eye-tracking methods in tourism research[M]// Rainoldi M,Jooss M. Eye Tracking in Tourism. Cham:Springer, 2020: 13~27.
[29]	Le D, Scott N, Becken S, et al. Tourists’ aesthetic assessment of environmental changes,linking conservation planning to sustainable tourism development[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2019,27(10):1477~1494.
[30]	Lever M W, Shen Y, Joppe M. Reading travel guidebooks:Readership typologies using eye-tracking technology[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2019(14):100368.
[31]	Li M M, Chen Y H, Wang J Q, et al. Children’s attention toward cartoon executed photos[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2020(80):102799.
[32]	Li Q, Huang Z W, Christianson K. Visual attention toward tourism photographs with text:An eye-tracking study[J]. Tourism Management, 2016(54):243~258.
[33]	Li S S, Scott N, Walters G. Current and potential methods for measuring emotion in tourism experiences:A review[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2015,18(9):805~827.
[34]	Liu D Q, Upchurch R S. A glimpse into energy tourism via application of eye-tracking technology[J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2020,51(2):230~244.
[35]	Locke L F, Jensen M K. Thought sampling:A study of student attention through self-report[J]. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health,Physical Education and Recreation, 1974,45(3):263~275.
[36]	Lorains M, Panchuk D, Ball K, et al. The effect of an above real time decision-making intervention on visual search behaviour[J]. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2014,9(6):1383~1392.
[37]	Ngan H F B, Yu C E. To smile or not to smile:An eye-tracking study on service recovery[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2019,22(19):2327~2332.
[38]	Noton D, Stark L. Scanpaths in eye movements during pattern perception[J]. Science, 1971,171(3968):308~311.
[39]	Orquin J L, Loose S M. Attention and choice:A review on eye movements in decision making[J]. Acta Psychologica, 2013,144(1):190~206.
[40]	Pan B, Zhang L X, Law R. The complex matter of online hotel choice[J]. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 2013,54(1):74~83.
[41]	Pieters R, Warlop L, Wedel M. Breaking through the clutter:Benefits of advertisement originality and familiarity for brand attention and memory[J]. Management Science, 2002,48(6):765~781.
[42]	Piras A, Lanzoni I M, Raffi M, et al. The within-task criterion to determine successful and unsuccessful table tennis players[J]. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2016,11(4):523~531.
[43]	Rahal R M, Fiedler S. Understanding cognitive and affective mechanisms in social psychology through eye-tracking[J]. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2019(85):103842.
[44]	Robertson P J, Callan M, Nevison C, et al. Is visual search strategy different between level of judo coach when acquiring visual information from the preparation phase of judo contests?[J]. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2018,13(2):186~200.
[45]	Rosbergen E, Pieters R, Wedel M. Visual attention to advertising:A segment-level analysis[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1997,24(3):305~314.
[46]	Russo J E. Eye fixations can save the world:A critical evaluation and a comparison between eye fixations and other information processing methodologies[M]// Hunt K. Advances in Consumer Research. Ann Abor:Association for Consumer Research, 1978: 561~570.
[47]	Scott N, Green C, Fairley S. Investigation of the use of eye tracking to examine tourism advertising effectiveness[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2016,19(7):634~642.
[48]	Scott N, Le D, Becken S, et al. Measuring perceived beauty of the Great Barrier Reef using eye-tracking technology[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020,23(20):2492~2502.
[49]	Scott N, Zhang R, Le D, et al. A review of eye-tracking research in tourism[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2019,22(10):1244~1261.
[50]	Shin J, Mattila A S. When pizza doesn’t sound as good as usual:Restrained versus unrestrained eaters’ responses to gluten-free menu items[J]. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 2018,59(4):397~410.
[51]	Singer R N, Cauraugh J H, Chen D P, et al. Visual search,anticipation,and reactive comparisons between highly-skilled and beginning tennis players[J]. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1996,8(1):9~26.
[52]	Strachan L, Weir P. Twirling through the motions:Applying motor control theory to practice[J]. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2006,1(4):399~404.
[53]	Strong Jr E K. Theories of selling[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1925,9(1):75~86.
[54]	Swartz J J, Braxton D, Viera A J. Calorie menu labeling on quick-service restaurant menus:An updated systematic review of the literature[J]. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2011,8(1):135.
[55]	Vater C, Williams A M, Hossner E J. What do we see out of the corner of our eye? The role of visual pivots and gaze anchors in sport[J]. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2020,13(1):81~103.
[56]	Venkatraman V, Dimoka A, Pavlou P A, et al. Predicting advertising success beyond traditional measures:New insights from neurophysiological methods and market response modeling[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 2015,52(4):436~452.
[57]	Vera J, Jiménez R, Cárdenas D, et al. Visual function,performance,and processing of basketball players versus sedentary individuals[J]. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2020,9(6):587~594.
[58]	Vine S J, Wilson M R. Quiet eye training:Effects on learning and performance under pressure[J]. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2010,22(4):361~376.
[59]	Walters-Symons R M, Wilson M R, Vine S J. The quiet eye supports error recovery in golf putting[J]. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2017(31):21~27.
[60]	Wan L C, Wyer Jr R S. Consumer reactions to attractive service providers:Approach or avoid?[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2015,42(4):578~595.
[61]	Wang C C, Hung J C. Comparative analysis of advertising attention to Facebook social network:Evidence from eye-movement data[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2019(100):192~208.
[62]	Wang T C, Tsai C L, Tang T W. Restorative quality in tourist hotel marketing pictures:Natural and built characteristics[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2019,22(14):1679~1685.
[63]	Wang Y, Sparks B A. An eye-tracking study of tourism photo stimuli:Image characteristics and ethnicity[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2016,55(5):588~602.
[64]	Wedel M, Pieters R. A review of eye-tracking research in marketing[M]// Malhotra N K. Review of Marketing Research. New York:M. E. Sharpe Inc, 2007.
[65]	Wilson R T, Baack D W, Till B D. Creativity,attention and the memory for brands:An outdoor advertising field study[J]. International Journal of Advertising, 2015,34(2):232~261.
[66]	Yang S S. Eye movements on restaurant menus:A revisitation on gaze motion and consumer scanpaths[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2012,31(3):1021~1029.
[67]	Young L R, Sheena D. Survey of eye movement recording methods[J]. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 1975,7(5):397~429.
[68]	Zhou L, Zhang Y Y, Wang Z J, et al. A scanpath analysis of the risky decision-making process[J]. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2016,29(2-3):169~182.
[69]	蔡礼彬, 吴楠. 旅游网站创意对旅游者行为意向的影响——基于效果层次模式[J]. 旅游学刊, 2017,32(8):25~37.
	[ CAI Libin, WU Nan. A study of the impact of website creativity on tourist behavior:A hierarchy of the effects model[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2017,32(8):25~37.]
[70]	陈劼绮, 张海洲, 陆林, 等. 旅游宣传片的说服效应——基于危机情境的纵向跟踪实验研究[J]. 旅游学刊, 2020,35(4):64~75.
	[ CHEN Jieqi, ZHANG Haizhou, LU Lin, et al. Persuasion effect of tourism promotional videos:A study of longitudinal tracking experiment based on crisis scenarios[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2020,35(4):64~75.]
[71]	陈晓萍, 徐淑英, 樊景立. 组织与管理研究的实证方法[M]. 2版. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2012.
	[ CHEN Xiaoping, XU Shuying, FAN Jingli. Empirical Methods in Organization and Management Research[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2012.]
[72]	陈增祥. 旅游心理与行为研究的知识贡献——兼论旅游知识外溢[J]. 旅游导刊, 2020,4(4):1~12.
	[ CHEN Zengxiang. On knowledge creation in studies of tourists’ psychology and behaviors[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2020,4(4):1~12.]
[73]	董卫华, 廖华, 詹智成, 等. 2008年以来地图学眼动与视觉认知研究新进展[J]. 地理学报, 2019,74(3):599~614.
	[ DONG Weihua, LIAO Hua, ZHAN Zhicheng, et al. New research progress of eye tracking-based map cognition in cartography since 2008[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019,74(3):599~614.]
[74]	杜建刚, 李丹惠, 李晓楠. 消费者注意研究综述与展望[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2019,41(1):114~126.
	[ DU Jiangang, LI Danhui, LI Xiaonan. A literature review of consumer attention and prospects[J]. Foreign Economics & Management, 2019,41(1):114~126.]
[75]	郭素玲, 赵宁曦, 张建新, 等. 基于眼动的景观视觉质量评价——以大学生对宏村旅游景观图片的眼动实验为例[J]. 资源科学, 2017,39(6):1137~1147.
	[ GUO Suling, ZHAO Ningxi, ZHANG Jianxin, et al. Landscape visual quality assessment based on eye movement:College student eye-tracking experiments on tourism landscape pictures[J]. Resources Science, 2017,39(6):1137~1147.]
[76]	赫伯特·A.西蒙. 关于人为事物的科学[M]. 杨砾,译. 北京: 解放军出版社, 1988.
	[ Simon H A. The Sciences of the Artificial[M]. YANG Li,trans. Beijing: The People’s Liberation Army Press, 1988.]
[77]	黄龙, 徐富明, 胡笑羽. 眼动轨迹匹配法:一种研究决策过程的新方法[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020,28(9):1454~1461.
	[ HUANG Long, XU Fuming, HU Xiaoyu. Scanmatch:A new method for studying decision-making process[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2020,28(9):1454~1461.]
[78]	黄清燕, 白凯. 旅游者自我概念的时空演变——典型网络游记的个案研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017,36(5):644~654.
	[ HUANG Qingyan, BAI Kai. Tourist self-concept in time and space:A case study on typical online travel notes[J]. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(5):644~654.]
[79]	黄潇婷, 李玟璇, 闫申. 旅游地图眼动行为模式研究[J]. 旅游学刊, 2018,33(10):87~96.
	[ HUANG Xiaoting, LI Minxuan, YAN Shen. Research on pattern of eye-tracking behavior based on tourism map[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2018,33(10):87~96.]
[80]	李越, 董希远. 基于Visual Methodologies分析的港口文脉在旅游景观设计中的表达——以秦皇岛港为例[J]. 度假旅游, 2019(3):53~55.
	[ LI Yue, DONG Xiyuan. Expression of port context in tourism landscape design based on visual methods analysis:Taking Qinhuangdao port as an example[J]. Vacation Tour, 2019(3):53~55.]
[81]	林勇, 邓毅博, 赖小云, 等. 不同风格旅游网络地图点状符号有效性眼动实验研究[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2015,38(2):58~62.
	[ LIN Yong, DENG Yibo, LAI Xiaoyun, et al. Research on the effectiveness of point symbols in different tourist web-map style[J]. Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology, 2015,38(2):58~62.]
[82]	刘丹青, 赵金林. 风电场景观对旅游者的吸引——基于对“宁波风车公路”旅游照片的研究[J]. 商业经济, 2018(6):45~49.
	[ LIU Danqing, ZHAO Jinlin. The attraction of wind farm landscape to tourists:An analysis based on tourist photos of “Ningbo Windmill Highway”[J]. Business Economy, 2018(6):45~49.]
[83]	仇梦嫄, 张捷, 张宏磊, 等. 基于旅游声景认知的游客环保行为驱动机制研究——以厦门鼓浪屿为例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2017,32(11):105~115.
	[ QIU Mengyuan, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Honglei, et al. The driving mechanism of tourists' pro-environment behavior based on cognition of tourism soundscapes:A case of Kulangsu[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2017,32(11):105~115.]
[84]	王君怡, 林岚, 高华, 等. 大学生旅游地图空间符号认知的群体差异研究——基于眼动实验数据分析[J]. 旅游学刊, 2016,31(3):97~105.
	[ WANG Junyi, LIN Lan, GAO Hua, et al. Differences in college students’ spatial symbol cognition of tourism map:Based on experimental data from an eye-movement tracking system[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2016,31(3):97~105.]
[85]	王敏, 江冰婷, 朱竑. 基于视觉研究方法的工业遗产旅游地空间感知探讨:广州红专厂案例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2017,32(10):28~38.
	[ WANG Min, JIANG Bingting, ZHU Hong. The spatial perception of tourism destination based on visual methodology:The case study of Guangzhou redtory[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2017,32(10):28~38.]
[86]	王敏, 林铭亮, 朱竑. 人文地理学的“神经转向”研究进展及启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020,39(7):1182~1195.
	[ WANG Min, LIN Mingliang, ZHU Hong. Research progress and implication of the “neural turn” in human geography[J]. Progress in Geography, 2020,39(7):1182~1195.]
[87]	王素洁, 黄楷伊, 董玉洁. 中国视觉旅游形象研究——基于社会网络视角[J]. 旅游科学, 2018,32(2):66~79,95.
	[ WANG Sujie, HUANG Kaiyi, DONG Yujie. A study on China’s visual tourism images:A social network perspective[J]. Tourism Science, 2018,32(2):66~79,95.]
[88]	徐娟. 国内设计心理学领域中的眼动研究综述[J]. 北京联合大学学报, 2013,27(3):72~75.
	[ XU Juan. A review of domestic eye movement research in design psychology[J]. Journal of Beijing Union University, 2013,27(3):72~75.]
[89]	徐薛艳, 张建华, 谢鹏扬. 眼动实验法在旅游广告有效性研究中的应用初探[J]. 上海商学院学报, 2014,15(6):27~32.
	[ XU Xueyan, ZHANG Jianhua, XIE Pengyang. Eye-tracking technology and effectiveness of tourism advertising[J]. Journal of Shanghai Business School, 2014,15(6):27~32.]
[90]	闫国利, 白学军. 眼动研究心理学导论:揭开心灵之窗奥秘的神奇科学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012.
	[ YAN Guoli, BAI Xuejun. General Introduction to the Eye Movement Research:A Magic Science to Explore the Mystery of the Window on Mind[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.]
[91]	禹杭, 谢毅, 陈香兰. 视觉营销眼动研究:回顾与展望[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2018,40(12):98~108,124.
	[ YU Hang, XIE Yi, CHEN Xianglan. Eye-tracking studies in visual marketing:Review and prospects[J]. Foreign Economics & Management, 2018,40(12):98~108,124.]
[92]	袁旭铎, 裴文秀, 伍文繁, 等. 酒店在线预订决策的消费者需求——基于眼动追踪实验[J]. 资源开发与市场, 2019,35(11):1438~1443,1416.
	[ YUAN Xuduo, PEI Wenxiu, WU Wenfan, et al. Tourism consumer’s demand on online hotel decision-making:Based on eye-tracking study[J]. Resource Development & Market, 2019,35(11):1438~1443,1416.]
[93]	张腾霄, 韩布新. 红色的心理效应:现象与机制研究述评[J]. 心理科学进展, 2013,21(3):398~406.
	[ ZHANG Tengxiao, HAN Buxin. Psychological effect of red:Phenomenon and mechanism review[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2013,21(3):398~406.]
[94]	张骁鸣, 常璐. 拟剧理论视角下的旅游网络社区人际互动研究——以豆瓣网“穷游”社区为例[J]. 旅游学刊, 2019,34(7):98~109.
	[ ZHANG Xiaoming, CHANG Lu. A dramaturgical approach to the interpersonal interaction in online community:The case of Qiongyou community on Douban.com[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2019,34(7):98~109.]
[95]	郑丹, 蒋玉石, 张伟. 任务导向和内容对网络旅游横幅广告受众的眼动影响[J]. 西南交通大学学报(社会科学版), 2013,14(6):65~69.
	[ ZHENG Dan, JIANG Yushi, ZHANG Wei. The effects of content-related web-ads and the navigation style on consumers’ visual attention to the web-ads of tourism banners:An eye movement study[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University (Social Sciences), 2013,14(6):65~69.]
[96]	郑束蕾, 陈毓芬, 杨春雷, 等. 地图个性化认知适合度的眼动试验评估[J]. 测绘学报, 2015,44(S1):27~35.
	[ ZHENG Shulei, CHEN Yufen, YANG Chunlei, et al. Quantitative evaluation of personalized cognition suitability on maps by eye movement experiment[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015,44(S1):27~35.]
[97]	钟科, 王海忠, 杨晨. 感官营销研究综述与展望[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2016,38(5):69~85.
	[ ZHONG Ke, WANG Haizhong, YANG Chen. Sensory marketing:A literature review and prospects[J]. Foreign Economics & Management, 2016,38(5):69~85.]

期刊等级 Journal Grade	期刊名称/刊载篇数 Journal Name/N	作者（年份） Author（s）（Year）
CSSCI	《资源科学》/1	郭素玲、赵宁曦和张建新等（2017）
CSSCI	《旅游学刊》/3	黄潇婷、李玟璇和闫申（2018）王敏、江冰婷和朱竑（2017）王君怡、林岚和高华等（2016）
SSCI Q1	International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology/1	Vater、Williams和Hossner（2020）
	Tourism Management/1	Li、Huang和Christianson（2016）
	Annals of Tourism Research/1	Li、Chen和Wang等（2020）
	Journal of Travel Research/1	Wang和Sparks（2016）
	International Journal of Hospitality Management/2	Kim、Tang和Meusel等（2018） Yang（2012）
	Journal of Destination Marketing & Management/1	Lever、Shen和Joppe（2019）
	Journal of Sport and Health Science/1	Vera、Jiménez和Cárdenas等（2017）
	Journal of Sustainable Tourism/3	Babakhani、Lee和Dolnicar（2020） Le、Scott和Becken等（2019） Babakhani、Ritchie和Dolnicar（2017）
	Current Issues in Tourism/7	Babakhani、Randle和Dolnicar（2020） Ngan和Yu（2019） Scott、Le和Becken等（2020） Scott、Zhang和Le等（2019） Wang、Tsai和Tang（2019） Scott、Green和Fairley（2016） Li、Scott和Walters（2015）
SSCI Q2	Psychology of Sport & Exercise/3	Del Campo、Fari?as和Márquez等（2018） Walters-Symons、Wilson和Vine（2017） Hancock和Ste-Marie（2013）
	Cornell Hospitality Quarterly/1	Pan、Zhang和Law（2013）
	Tourism Management Perspectives/1	Boz、Arslan和Koc（2017）
	European Sport Management Quarterly/1	Ellert、Schafmeister和Mueller等（2014）
	Journal of Applied Sport Psychology/3	Hüttermann、Memmert和Liesner（2014） Vine和Wilson（2010） Singer、Cauraugh和Chen等（1996）
	Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport/15	Hüttermann和Memmert（2017） Franks和Lajoie（1998） Locke和Jensen（1974） ……
SSCI Q3	Journal of Vacation Marketing/1	Kong、Huang和Scott等（2019）
SSCI Q4	International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching/4	Robertson、Callan和Nevison等（2018） Piras、Lanzoni和Raffi等（2016） Lorains、Panchuk和Ball等（2014） Strachan和Weir（2006）
SSCI Q4	Journal of Leisure Research/1	Liu和Upchurch（2020）

期刊等级 Journal Grade	期刊名称/刊载篇数 Journal Name/N	作者（年份） Author（s）（Year）
CSSCI	《资源科学》/1	郭素玲、赵宁曦和张建新等（2017）
CSSCI	《旅游学刊》/3	黄潇婷、李玟璇和闫申（2018）王敏、江冰婷和朱竑（2017）王君怡、林岚和高华等（2016）
SSCI Q1	International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology/1	Vater、Williams和Hossner（2020）
	Tourism Management/1	Li、Huang和Christianson（2016）
	Annals of Tourism Research/1	Li、Chen和Wang等（2020）
	Journal of Travel Research/1	Wang和Sparks（2016）
	International Journal of Hospitality Management/2	Kim、Tang和Meusel等（2018） Yang（2012）
	Journal of Destination Marketing & Management/1	Lever、Shen和Joppe（2019）
	Journal of Sport and Health Science/1	Vera、Jiménez和Cárdenas等（2017）
	Journal of Sustainable Tourism/3	Babakhani、Lee和Dolnicar（2020） Le、Scott和Becken等（2019） Babakhani、Ritchie和Dolnicar（2017）
	Current Issues in Tourism/7	Babakhani、Randle和Dolnicar（2020） Ngan和Yu（2019） Scott、Le和Becken等（2020） Scott、Zhang和Le等（2019） Wang、Tsai和Tang（2019） Scott、Green和Fairley（2016） Li、Scott和Walters（2015）
SSCI Q2	Psychology of Sport & Exercise/3	Del Campo、Fari?as和Márquez等（2018） Walters-Symons、Wilson和Vine（2017） Hancock和Ste-Marie（2013）
	Cornell Hospitality Quarterly/1	Pan、Zhang和Law（2013）
	Tourism Management Perspectives/1	Boz、Arslan和Koc（2017）
	European Sport Management Quarterly/1	Ellert、Schafmeister和Mueller等（2014）
	Journal of Applied Sport Psychology/3	Hüttermann、Memmert和Liesner（2014） Vine和Wilson（2010） Singer、Cauraugh和Chen等（1996）
	Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport/15	Hüttermann和Memmert（2017） Franks和Lajoie（1998） Locke和Jensen（1974） ……
SSCI Q3	Journal of Vacation Marketing/1	Kong、Huang和Scott等（2019）
SSCI Q4	International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching/4	Robertson、Callan和Nevison等（2018） Piras、Lanzoni和Raffi等（2016） Lorains、Panchuk和Ball等（2014） Strachan和Weir（2006）
SSCI Q4	Journal of Leisure Research/1	Liu和Upchurch（2020）

主要眼动指标 Metrics	基本含义 Basic Meanings
首次注视时间 Time-to-first Fixation	当刺激初次呈现给被试时,被试首次注视到AOI的时间/时长,主要用来衡量刺激信息的重要程度
首次注视时长 First Fixation Duration	当刺激初次呈现给被试时,被试首次注视到AOI的时间/时长,主要用来衡量刺激信息的重要程度
注视次数 Fixation Count	被试对刺激的注视次数/注视时长,主要用来衡量被试对刺激的加工深度和认知努力程度。也有学者认为注视次数越多,表明AOI的布局越不合理;注视时长越长,表明被试从AOI获取信息越困难
注视时长 Fixation Duration
访问次数 Visit Count	对刺激的访问次数/访问总时长,主要用来衡量被试对刺激的兴趣程度
访问时长 Visit Duration	对刺激的访问次数/访问总时长,主要用来衡量被试对刺激的兴趣程度
回视次数 Revisit Count	首次访问AOI后,对AOI再次访问的次数,表明对AOI的重视程度和再加工过程
注视频率（次/s） Fixation Frequency	注视次数与注视时间之比,反映AOI受重视程度的指标。注视频率高则表示被试对图片感觉重要或较为感兴趣
注视时间比重 Percentage of Fixation Duration	注视时长与观察总时间的比值。注视时间比重越大,说明被试对AOI的观察时间相对其他AOI较长
眼跳频率（次/s） Saccade Frequency	单位时间内的眼跳次数,能够反映被试的搜索行为。在信息搜索过程中,眼动频率越高表明被试的搜索量越大,抑或表明刺激信息的特征不鲜明
眼跳时间比重 Percentage of Saccade Duration	眼跳总时间与观察总时间的比值,主要反映被试在选取注视点上所用的时间
平均眼跳幅度/度 Average Saccade Amplitude	反映获取信息的范围。平均眼跳幅度越大表示刺激特征越鲜明,被试能够直接到达AOI
平均眼跳速度（度/s） Average Saccade Velocity	评价被试获取信息范围大小的指标,反映图片信息的鲜明特征
瞳孔直径 Pupil Diameter	反映被试对刺激的兴趣程度和认知负荷

主要眼动指标 Metrics	基本含义 Basic Meanings
首次注视时间 Time-to-first Fixation	当刺激初次呈现给被试时,被试首次注视到AOI的时间/时长,主要用来衡量刺激信息的重要程度
首次注视时长 First Fixation Duration	当刺激初次呈现给被试时,被试首次注视到AOI的时间/时长,主要用来衡量刺激信息的重要程度
注视次数 Fixation Count	被试对刺激的注视次数/注视时长,主要用来衡量被试对刺激的加工深度和认知努力程度。也有学者认为注视次数越多,表明AOI的布局越不合理;注视时长越长,表明被试从AOI获取信息越困难
注视时长 Fixation Duration
访问次数 Visit Count	对刺激的访问次数/访问总时长,主要用来衡量被试对刺激的兴趣程度
访问时长 Visit Duration	对刺激的访问次数/访问总时长,主要用来衡量被试对刺激的兴趣程度
回视次数 Revisit Count	首次访问AOI后,对AOI再次访问的次数,表明对AOI的重视程度和再加工过程
注视频率（次/s） Fixation Frequency	注视次数与注视时间之比,反映AOI受重视程度的指标。注视频率高则表示被试对图片感觉重要或较为感兴趣
注视时间比重 Percentage of Fixation Duration	注视时长与观察总时间的比值。注视时间比重越大,说明被试对AOI的观察时间相对其他AOI较长
眼跳频率（次/s） Saccade Frequency	单位时间内的眼跳次数,能够反映被试的搜索行为。在信息搜索过程中,眼动频率越高表明被试的搜索量越大,抑或表明刺激信息的特征不鲜明
眼跳时间比重 Percentage of Saccade Duration	眼跳总时间与观察总时间的比值,主要反映被试在选取注视点上所用的时间
平均眼跳幅度/度 Average Saccade Amplitude	反映获取信息的范围。平均眼跳幅度越大表示刺激特征越鲜明,被试能够直接到达AOI
平均眼跳速度（度/s） Average Saccade Velocity	评价被试获取信息范围大小的指标,反映图片信息的鲜明特征
瞳孔直径 Pupil Diameter	反映被试对刺激的兴趣程度和认知负荷

发表时间/作者 Year / Author（s）	刺激材料 Stimulus	被试/数量 Sample/N	仪器 Apparatus	眼动指标 Metrics
2020/Babakhani等	菜单	大学生/54	Tobii TX300	注视时长、停留时长、首次注视时间
2020/Babakhani等	网页	大学生/31	Tobii TX300	注视时长、轨迹图
2020/Li等	旅游图片	10~13岁儿童/45	SMI REDn Scientific	注视时长、次数、停留时长,热图
2019/Kong	网页	大学生/30	EyeLink 1000	注视次数、停留时长,热图
2019/Liu和Upchurch	旅游图片	大学生/55	Tobii Pro X3-120	注视时长、次数,热图
2019/Ngan和Yu	服务人员照片	大学生/112	Gazepoint GP3	注视时长,热图
2019/Scott等	旅游图片	大学生/66	Tobii T60	注视时长、次数,热图
2019/Wang等	酒店图片	真实顾客/80	/	注视时长、次数
2018/黄潇婷等	旅游地图	大学生/42	EyeSo Ec60	注视点坐标
2018/Kim等	菜单	大学生/95	Eyetech VT2	注视时长、次数
2017/Babakhani等	旅游图片	大学生/20	Tobii TX300	注视时长,访问时长
2017/王敏等	旅游图片	大学生/35	Tobii x3-120	注视频率、时间、时间比,注视空间分布
2016/Li等	旅游图片	大学生/37	EyeLink 1000	注视时长、次数,热图
2016/Scott等	旅游广告	大学生/25	Tobii T60	注视时长、次数、轨迹图,热图
2016/Wang和Sparks	旅游图片	中国和澳大利亚大学生/30	Tobii T120	注视时长、次数、轨迹图,扫视
2016/王君怡等	旅游地图	大学生/69	EyeLink 2000	首次进入时间,首次进入前的注视点数
2013/Pan等	网页	大学教职工/16	GazeTracker	注视次数
2012/Yang等	菜单	大学生/25	iScan EC501	注视时长、频率、轨迹