彝族火把节对社区成员族群认同的影响——基于多族群认同测量（MEIM）的运用

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.154

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

族群认同是社会学的重要研究课题,但鲜有研究关注民族节庆对社区成员族群认同的影响。研究将测量工具多族群认同测量（MEIM）引入节庆研究,运用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和多元方差分析,对参加凉山彝族自治州民间火把节的社区居民进行实证研究,研究表明：（1）MEIM在民族节庆研究领域存在族群认同承诺和族群认同探索两个维度,且具有测量稳定性;（2）社区节庆旅游发展程度负向影响成员族群认同承诺;（3）社区成员参与民族节庆的积极性和强度正向影响族群认同,即经常参加火把节的成员在族群认同承诺和探索方面均高于偶然参加者,参加火把节具体活动项目的社区成员在族群认同探索上明显高于观看者;（4）社区成员的性别和受教育程度显著影响族群认同,即彝族男性的族群认同承诺和探索高于女性,社区成员受教育程度对族群认同承诺的影响呈现“U”形。

关键词: 族群认同, 多族群认同测量, 彝族火把节

Abstract:

This study explores factors influencing community members’ ethnic identity in relation to festivals and depicts the differences. The Multi-group Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) in the form of a questionnaire survey is conducted on the Yi ethnic community members attending the Yi Torch Festival in Sichuan Province, China. This study employs quantitative methods, including exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and multivariate variance analysis. The results show that the ethnic identity of festival attendees is reflected in two dimensions: ethnic identity commitment and ethnic identity exploration. Moreover, while the level of community tourism development is negatively correlated with members’ ethnic identity commitment, there is a positive correlation between the improvement of ethnic groups and their enthusiasm for and frequency of participating in community ethnic festivals. There is no clear difference in ethnic identity commitment between the festival performers and the festival spectators. However, as active participants of the festival, performers score much higher on ethnic identity exploration than spectators. Meanwhile, frequent participants exhibit greater levels of ethnic identity commitment and exploration than occasional participants. Gender and the level of education also play a vital role in personal ethnic identity. In comparison to the Yi females, the Yi males have higher ethnic identity commitment and exploration, while the educational level also affects the degree of ethnic identity commitment in a U-shaped pattern. This study is the first study applying MEIM in festival research and demonstrates the applicability of the MEIM scale in studying ethnic festivals.

Key words: Ethnic Identity, the Multi-group Ethnic Identity Measure, the Yi Torch Festival

中图分类号:

陶长江. 彝族火把节对社区成员族群认同的影响——基于多族群认同测量（MEIM）的运用[J]. 旅游导刊, 2020, 4(5): 40-59.

TAO Changjiang. Research on the Influence of the Yi Torch Festival on the Ethnic Identity of Community Members : Based on the Application of the Multi-group Ethnic Identity Measure[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2020, 4(5): 40-59.

图/表 7

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指标	量表版本及其因子结构
	Phinney（1992）	Roberts,Phinney & Masse,et al.（1999）	Phinney &Ong（2007）
1.我花了很多时间去了解我的族群,如历史、传统和风俗。	族群认同成就	探索	探索
2.我活跃在组织或社会团体中,这些组织或社会团体主要包括我自己族群的成员。	族群行为	探索	探索*
3.我很清楚自己的族群背景以及这对我意味着什么。	族群认同成就	确认/属性	承诺
4.我可以想到族群对我生活的很多影响。	族群认同成就	探索	无
5.我很高兴我是我族群中的一员。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无
6.我不太清楚我的族群在我生活中的作用（反向）。	族群认同成就	无	无
7.我真的没有花太多时间去了解我这个族群的文化和历史（反向）。	族群认同成就	无	无
8.我有强烈的族群归属感。	确认与归属	确认/属性	承诺
9.我很清楚我的族群成员对我意味着什么。	族群认同成就	确认/属性	承诺
10.为进一步了解我的族群背景,我经常和其他人谈论我的族群。	族群认同成就	探索	探索
11.我为我的族群和他们的成就感到骄傲。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无
12.我参与一些我们自己族群的文化实践活动,比如特色饮食、民族音乐或习俗等。	族群行为	探索	探索*
13.我对自己的族群有着强烈的依恋。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无
14.我对自己的文化或族群背景很满意。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无

指标	量表版本及其因子结构
	Phinney（1992）	Roberts,Phinney & Masse,et al.（1999）	Phinney &Ong（2007）
1.我花了很多时间去了解我的族群,如历史、传统和风俗。	族群认同成就	探索	探索
2.我活跃在组织或社会团体中,这些组织或社会团体主要包括我自己族群的成员。	族群行为	探索	探索*
3.我很清楚自己的族群背景以及这对我意味着什么。	族群认同成就	确认/属性	承诺
4.我可以想到族群对我生活的很多影响。	族群认同成就	探索	无
5.我很高兴我是我族群中的一员。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无
6.我不太清楚我的族群在我生活中的作用（反向）。	族群认同成就	无	无
7.我真的没有花太多时间去了解我这个族群的文化和历史（反向）。	族群认同成就	无	无
8.我有强烈的族群归属感。	确认与归属	确认/属性	承诺
9.我很清楚我的族群成员对我意味着什么。	族群认同成就	确认/属性	承诺
10.为进一步了解我的族群背景,我经常和其他人谈论我的族群。	族群认同成就	探索	探索
11.我为我的族群和他们的成就感到骄傲。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无
12.我参与一些我们自己族群的文化实践活动,比如特色饮食、民族音乐或习俗等。	族群行为	探索	探索*
13.我对自己的族群有着强烈的依恋。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无
14.我对自己的文化或族群背景很满意。	确认与归属	确认/属性	无

模型结构	代表论文	维度名称	含义
单结构	Phinney,1992;Worrell,Conyers & Mpofu,et al.,2006	族群认同	“族群认同是个体自我概念的一部分,它来源于对社会群体（或群体）成员的认识,以及个体作为成员的价值和情感意义”（Tajfel,1981,引自Phinney,1992：156）
双因子结构	Roberts,Phinney & Masse,et al.,1999;Pegg & Plybon,2005;Phinney & Ong,2007;Kazarian & Boyadjian,2008;Feitosa,Lacerenza & Joseph,et al.,2017	（1）确认/ 承诺（2）探索	（1）“群体成员的意识和群体对个体的态度”（Roberts,Phinney & Masse,et al.,1999：302）（2）“寻求与族群相关的信息和经历”（Phinney & Ong,2007：272）
三因子结构	Gaines,Bunce & Robertson,et al.,2010	（1）行为（2）认知（3）情感	（1）行为/探索（2）搜索/解决族群问题（3）确认（Gaines,Bunce & Robertson,et al.,2010）
三因子结构	Lee & Yoo,2004	（1）认知识别（2）情感自豪感（3）行为参与	（1）“清晰的自我理解意识和归属感”（Lee & Yoo,2004：266）（2）“对某一族群成员的积极影响”（Lee & Yoo,2004：266）（3）“对族群活动参与的积极性”（Lee & Yoo,2004：267）

模型结构	代表论文	维度名称	含义
单结构	Phinney,1992;Worrell,Conyers & Mpofu,et al.,2006	族群认同	“族群认同是个体自我概念的一部分,它来源于对社会群体（或群体）成员的认识,以及个体作为成员的价值和情感意义”（Tajfel,1981,引自Phinney,1992：156）
双因子结构	Roberts,Phinney & Masse,et al.,1999;Pegg & Plybon,2005;Phinney & Ong,2007;Kazarian & Boyadjian,2008;Feitosa,Lacerenza & Joseph,et al.,2017	（1）确认/ 承诺（2）探索	（1）“群体成员的意识和群体对个体的态度”（Roberts,Phinney & Masse,et al.,1999：302）（2）“寻求与族群相关的信息和经历”（Phinney & Ong,2007：272）
三因子结构	Gaines,Bunce & Robertson,et al.,2010	（1）行为（2）认知（3）情感	（1）行为/探索（2）搜索/解决族群问题（3）确认（Gaines,Bunce & Robertson,et al.,2010）
三因子结构	Lee & Yoo,2004	（1）认知识别（2）情感自豪感（3）行为参与	（1）“清晰的自我理解意识和归属感”（Lee & Yoo,2004：266）（2）“对某一族群成员的积极影响”（Lee & Yoo,2004：266）（3）“对族群活动参与的积极性”（Lee & Yoo,2004：267）

个人特征	具体选项	人数	百分比（%）
性别	女性	162	33.1
性别	男性	328	66.9
年龄	18~24岁	171	34.9
	25~34岁	134	27.3
	35~44岁	101	20.6
	45~64岁	69	14.1
	≥65岁	15	3.1
受教育程度	未上学	114	23.3
	小学	131	26.7
	初中	92	18.8
	高中	62	12.7
	大专或大学	91	18.4
参加火把节的活动类型	运动项目（斗牛、斗羊、赛马、摔跤）	59	5.8
	歌舞（阿都高腔、朵乐荷）	22	2.2
	选美	11	1.1
	火把游山	130	12.7
	火把狂欢（达体舞）	299	29.4
	只是观看	484	47.6
	其他（如在火把节现场销售小食品）	12	1.2