中国旅游效率与全要素生产率的测算与分解——基于三层级共同前沿SBM-DEA模型的实证分析

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.93

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于行业异质性和区域异质性假设,本文构建三层级共同前沿SBM-DEA模型（Slack Based Measure-Data Envelopment Analysis model）,测定2000年至2014年我国3类旅游企业（旅行社、星级酒店、景区）无效率与Luenberger生产率,并对其进行分解。基于异质性考虑将无效率指标分解为行业异质性无效率、区域异质性无效率、管理差异无效率3部分,探讨其对3类旅游企业效率水平及全要素生产率变化的影响。主要结论有：（1）区域异质性和管理差异是旅行社无效率的主要原因,行业异质性是酒店和景区无效率的主要原因,导致3种类型旅游企业无效率的关键是产出不足;（2）不同区域的旅游企业无效率水平变化的主导原因存在差异,旅行社在我国东部地区无效率增长的原因为管理差异,中、西部地区无效率增长原因为区域异质性和管理差异,星级酒店和景区在3个地区无效率增长原因均为行业异质性,同时区域异质性和管理差异也是景区无效率的重要原因;（3）管理差异和区域异质性对旅行社生产率变化贡献最大,行业异质性对星级酒店和景区生产率变化贡献最大。同时,我国3类旅游企业管理差异引致的效率提升的增长动力不同。针对以上结论,本文提出相关政策建议,并指出本文研究不足及未来研究方向。

关键词: 行业异质性; 区域异质性; 三层级共同前沿SBM-DEA模型; Luenberger生产率

Abstract:

Based on the hypothesis of industry heterogeneity and regional heterogeneity, this paper constructs three-hierarchy meta-frontier SBM-DEA model. On the basis, this paper measures and decomposes the inefficiency and Luenberger productivity of travel agencies, star hotels and tourist attractions of 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2000 to 2014. Considering the heterogeneity, this paper divides the indexes into three parts: industry heterogeneity, regional heterogeneity and management difference. The mechanism on the tourism enterprises and their spatial distribution patterns have been discussed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) regional heterogeneity and management differences are the main reasons for the inefficiency of travel agencies, while industry heterogeneity is the main reason for inefficiency of hotels and scenic spots. Notably, insufficient output the key factor leading to inefficiency of tourism enterprises; (2) there are regional differences in the inefficiency growth source of tourism enterprises. For travel agencies, the management difference is the inefficiency growth source in eastern China, while the regional heterogeneity and management difference are the inefficiency growth sources in the central and western China. For star hotels and scenic spots, industry heterogeneity is the inefficiency growth source in all three regions. Meanwhile, the regional heterogeneity and management difference are the inefficiency growth sources of scenic spots; (3) management differences and regional heterogeneity contribute most to the productivity changes of travel agency, while industry heterogeneity contributes most to the productivity changes of hotels and scenic spots. In view of the conclusions above, this paper gives some relevant policy recommendations, and points out the potential weaknesses of this paper and the future research directions.

Keywords: industry heterogeneity; regional heterogeneity; three-hierarchy meta-frontier SBM-DEA model; Luenberger productivity

中图分类号:

查建平, 钱醒豹, 赵倩倩, 谭庭. 中国旅游效率与全要素生产率的测算与分解——基于三层级共同前沿SBM-DEA模型的实证分析[J]. 旅游导刊, 2019, 3(3): 1-27.

Jianping ZHA, Xingbao QIAN, Qianqian ZHAO, Ting TAN. Estimation and Decomposition of Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity of China’s Tourism: Empirical Analysis Based on the Three-hierarchy Meta-frontier SBM-DEA Model[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2019, 3(3): 1-27.

图/表 9

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企业	指标	max （最大值）	min （最小值）	avg （均值）	var （方差）
旅行社	固定资产原值（亿元）	457.69	0.13	15.24	8 014 280.19
	从业人员数（亿人）	4.48	0.04	0.92	5 153.46
	营业收入（亿元）	540.81	0.46	49.29	61 031 633.62
星级酒店	固定资产原值（亿元）	553.74	3.15	106.97	113 127 387.03
	从业人员数（亿人）	18.86	0.30	4.84	139 999.42
	营业收入（亿元）	260.12	0.21	44.97	24 662 196.24
景区	固定资产原值（亿元）	306.33	0.01	35.39	21 715 516.89
	从业人员数（亿人）	10.71	0.00	1.28	27 267.18
	营业收入（亿元）	161.67	0.01	12.68	2 898 676.28

企业	指标	max （最大值）	min （最小值）	avg （均值）	var （方差）
旅行社	固定资产原值（亿元）	457.69	0.13	15.24	8 014 280.19
	从业人员数（亿人）	4.48	0.04	0.92	5 153.46
	营业收入（亿元）	540.81	0.46	49.29	61 031 633.62
星级酒店	固定资产原值（亿元）	553.74	3.15	106.97	113 127 387.03
	从业人员数（亿人）	18.86	0.30	4.84	139 999.42
	营业收入（亿元）	260.12	0.21	44.97	24 662 196.24
景区	固定资产原值（亿元）	306.33	0.01	35.39	21 715 516.89
	从业人员数（亿人）	10.71	0.00	1.28	27 267.18
	营业收入（亿元）	161.67	0.01	12.68	2 898 676.28

年份	旅行社				星级酒店				景区
年份	S	SI	RI	MI	S	SI	RI	MI	S	SI	RI	MI
2000	0.513	0.033	0.183	0.297	4.538	3.881	0.281	0.375	5.291	0.483	2.359	2.448
2001	0.430	0.000	0.196	0.234	3.083	2.720	0.224	0.139	3.552	2.071	0.551	0.929
2002	0.401	0.000	0.164	0.237	3.806	3.384	0.209	0.213	3.443	2.067	0.485	0.891
2003	0.912	0.273	0.314	0.326	5.997	5.299	0.430	0.269	5.249	0.000	2.729	2.520
2004	0.420	0.000	0.208	0.212	4.769	4.151	0.345	0.273	4.843	4.220	0.210	0.413
2005	0.371	0.000	0.120	0.251	4.275	3.926	0.168	0.181	5.042	4.300	0.217	0.525
2006	0.368	—0.003	0.069	0.302	4.618	4.318	0.097	0.203	5.605	4.872	0.267	0.467
2007	0.307	0.000	0.068	0.239	4.812	4.512	0.053	0.247	6.950	3.073	1.983	1.895
2008	0.449	0.000	0.098	0.352	4.636	4.410	0.019	0.207	4.894	1.942	1.356	1.596
2009	0.406	0.000	0.110	0.297	4.067	3.838	0.038	0.191	5.740	2.302	1.691	1.747
2010	1.077	0.000	0.567	0.509	8.881	8.528	0.225	0.129	9.841	7.866	0.824	1.152
2011	0.571	0.000	0.154	0.417	4.839	4.546	0.184	0.109	5.228	4.677	0.209	0.342
2012	0.689	0.000	0.313	0.376	6.560	6.423	0.031	0.106	5.949	5.248	0.283	0.418
2013	1.138	0.000	0.643	0.495	9.110	8.900	0.109	0.101	6.957	6.389	0.121	0.447
2014	1.240	0.000	0.608	0.632	9.629	9.346	0.122	0.162	7.006	6.359	0.096	0.551
均值	0.619	0.020	0.254	0.345	5.575	5.212	0.169	0.194	5.706	3.725	0.892	1.890

年份	旅行社				星级酒店				景区
年份	S	SI	RI	MI	S	SI	RI	MI	S	SI	RI	MI
2000	0.513	0.033	0.183	0.297	4.538	3.881	0.281	0.375	5.291	0.483	2.359	2.448
2001	0.430	0.000	0.196	0.234	3.083	2.720	0.224	0.139	3.552	2.071	0.551	0.929
2002	0.401	0.000	0.164	0.237	3.806	3.384	0.209	0.213	3.443	2.067	0.485	0.891
2003	0.912	0.273	0.314	0.326	5.997	5.299	0.430	0.269	5.249	0.000	2.729	2.520
2004	0.420	0.000	0.208	0.212	4.769	4.151	0.345	0.273	4.843	4.220	0.210	0.413
2005	0.371	0.000	0.120	0.251	4.275	3.926	0.168	0.181	5.042	4.300	0.217	0.525
2006	0.368	—0.003	0.069	0.302	4.618	4.318	0.097	0.203	5.605	4.872	0.267	0.467
2007	0.307	0.000	0.068	0.239	4.812	4.512	0.053	0.247	6.950	3.073	1.983	1.895
2008	0.449	0.000	0.098	0.352	4.636	4.410	0.019	0.207	4.894	1.942	1.356	1.596
2009	0.406	0.000	0.110	0.297	4.067	3.838	0.038	0.191	5.740	2.302	1.691	1.747
2010	1.077	0.000	0.567	0.509	8.881	8.528	0.225	0.129	9.841	7.866	0.824	1.152
2011	0.571	0.000	0.154	0.417	4.839	4.546	0.184	0.109	5.228	4.677	0.209	0.342
2012	0.689	0.000	0.313	0.376	6.560	6.423	0.031	0.106	5.949	5.248	0.283	0.418
2013	1.138	0.000	0.643	0.495	9.110	8.900	0.109	0.101	6.957	6.389	0.121	0.447
2014	1.240	0.000	0.608	0.632	9.629	9.346	0.122	0.162	7.006	6.359	0.096	0.551
均值	0.619	0.020	0.254	0.345	5.575	5.212	0.169	0.194	5.706	3.725	0.892	1.890

	S	SI	RI	MI
东部	0.372	0.014	0.017	0.341
中部	0.873	0.026	0.480	0.367
西部	0.663	0.022	0.312	0.330
全国	0.619	0.020	0.254	0.345