游客感官体验：研究述评与展望

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.221

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

感官是人体收集信息的核心工具。游客感官体验是旅游体验的组成部分，通过接收来自视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉等感觉器官的刺激而形成。目前游客感官体验相关研究虽已取得一定进展但尚缺少关于该主题的系统论述与展望。本研究在对游客感官体验相关概念进行界定的基础上，从游客感官体验的研究态势、内容、机制等方面进行系统回顾，并在此基础上提出未来研究主题，包括概念界定和测量内容的完善、挖掘游客感官体验内在形成机制，以及丰富不同旅游阶段、目的地和不同游客类型的感官体验研究等方面，旨在丰富和提升游客感官体验研究的深度和广度。

关键词: 游客感官体验; 感官; 感觉; 知觉; 展望

Abstract:

Just as the senses are core tools in a human body’s ability to collect information, the tourist sensory experience plays an integral part of the tourist experience. The tourist sensory experience is formed by receiving stimuli from sensory organs and translating it into vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Although research on tourist sensory experiences has made some progress, there remains a lack of systematic discussion and outlook on this topic. So as to define the relevant concepts relating to a tourist’s sensory experience, this study systematically reviews the prevailing body of research in reference to the situation, content, and mechanism behind tourist sensory experiences. This study then proposes future research themes, including the refinement of the concept and measurement content, the exploration of the intrinsic formation mechanism of the tourist sensory experience, and the enrichment of sensory experiences of different tourism phases, multiple destinations, and differentiated tourist types, with the aim of enriching and enhancing the depth and breadth of the research on tourist sensory experiences.

Keywords: tourist sensory experience; sensory organ; sensation; perception; prospect

中图分类号:

吴昕阳, 梁学成, 宋航. 游客感官体验：研究述评与展望[J]. 旅游导刊, 2023, 7(5): 94-119.

WU Xinyang, LIANG Xuecheng, SONG Hang. The Tourist Sensory Experience: A Research Review and Prospects[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2023, 7(5): 94-119.

图/表 7

参考文献 92

[1]	Adongo C A, Anuga S W, Dayour F. Will they tell others to taste? International tourists’ experience of Ghanaian cuisines[J]. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2015(15):57-64.
[2]	Agapito D, Mendes J, Valle P. Exploring the conceptualization of the sensory dimension of tourist experiences[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2013, 2(2):62-73.
[3]	Agapito D, Pinto P, Mendes J. Tourists’ memories,sensory impressions and loyalty:In loco and post-visit study in Southwest Portugal[J]. Tourism Management, 2017(58):108-118.
[4]	Agapito D, Valle P, Mendes J. The sensory dimension of tourist experiences:Capturing meaningful sensory-informed themes in Southwest Portugal[J]. Tourism Management, 2014(42):224-237.
[5]	Aletta F, Brambilla G, Maffei L, et al. Urban soundscapes:Characterization of a pedestrian tourist route in Sorrento (Italy)[J]. Urban Science, 2017, 1(1):4.
[6]	Berg P O, Sevón G. Food-branding places:A sensory perspective[J]. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 2014, 10(4):289-304.
[7]	Björk P, Kauppinen-Räisänen H. Destination foodscape:A stage for travelers’ food experience[J]. Tourism Management, 2019(71):466-475.
[8]	Buzova D, Cervera-Taulet A, Sanz-Blas S. Exploring multisensory place experiences through cruise blog analysis[J]. Psychology & Marketing, 2020, 37(1):131-140.
[9]	Buzova D, Sanz-Blas S, Cervera-Taulet A. “Sensing” the destination:Development of the destination sensescape index[J]. Tourism Management, 2021(87):104362.
[10]	Chen H T, Lin Y T. A study of the relationships among sensory experience,emotion,and buying behavior in coffeehouse chains[J]. Service Business, 2018, 12(3):551-573.
[11]	Clark A. Whatever next? Predictive brains,situated agents,and the future of cognitive science[J]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2013, 36(3):181-204.
[12]	Cohen E, Avieli N. Food in tourism:Attraction and impediment[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(4):755-778.
[13]	Cohen E, Cohen S A. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012, 39(4):2177-2202.
[14]	Craig A D. Interoception:The sense of the physiological condition of the body[J]. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2003, 13(4):500-505.
[15]	Cutler S Q, Carmichael B A. The dimensions of the tourist experience[M]//Morgan M,Lugosi L,Ritchie J R B. The Tourism and Leisure Experience:Consumer and Managerial Perspectives. Bristol: Channel View Publications, 2010:3-26.
[16]	Dann G, Jacobsen J K S. Tourism smellscapes[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2003, 5(1):3-25.
[17]	De Jong A, Varley P. Food tourism policy:Deconstructing boundaries of taste and class[J]. Tourism Management, 2017(60):212-222.
[18]	Ellis A, Park E, Kim S, et al. What is food tourism?[J]. Tourism Management, 2018(68):250-263.
[19]	Elvekrok I, Gulbrandsøy P. Creating positive memory in staged experiences through sensory tools[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2022, 25(14):2239-2252.
[20]	Fakfare P, Cho G, Hwang H, et al. Examining the sensory impressions,value perception,and behavioral responses of tourists:The case of floating markets in Thailand[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2021, 38(7):666-681.
[21]	Ferrari S. Experiential tourist products:The role of servicescape[M]//Ray N. Emerging Innovative Marketing Strategies in the Tourism Industry. Hershey,PA: Business Science Reference,an Imprint of IGI Global, 2015:211-230.
[22]	Fuchs T. Das Gehirn-Ein Beziehungsorgan:Eine Phänomenologisch-Ökologische Konzeption[M]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 2021:12-103.
[23]	Ghosh T, Sarkar A. “To feel a place of heaven”:Examining the role of sensory reference cues and capacity for imagination in destination marketing[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2016, 33(S1):25-37.
[24]	Goldstein E B. Sensation and Perception[M]. Los Angeles: Sage, 2010:21-88.
[25]	Goodale M A, Humphrey G K. The objects of action and perception[J]. Cognition, 1998, 67(1-2):181-207.
[26]	Granö J G. Reine Geographie:Eine methodologische Studies,beleuchtet mit Beispielen aus Finnland und Estland[M]. Helsinki-Helsingfors:s.n., 1929:23-79.
[27]	Gretzel U, Fesenmaier D R. Capturing sensory experiences through semi-structured elicitation questions[M]//Morgan M,Lugosi P,Ritchie J R B. The Tourism and Leisure Experience:Consumer and Managerial Perspectives. Bristol: Channel View Publications, 2010:137-160.
[28]	He M, Li J W, Li J, et al. A comparative study on the effect of soundscape and landscape on tourism experience[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2019, 21(1):11-22.
[29]	Herz R S. The emotional,cognitive,and biological basics of olfaction:Implications and considerations for scent marketing[M]// Krishna A. Sensory Marketing:Research on the Sensuality of Products. New York: Routledge, 2010:87-107.
[30]	Hultén B. Sensory marketing:The multi-sensory brand-experience concept[J]. European Business Review, 2011, 23(3):256-273.
[31]	Kah J A, Shin H J, Lee S H. Traveler sensoryscape experiences and the formation of destination identity[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2022, 24(2-3):475-494.
[32]	Kandampully J, Zhang T T, Jaakkola E. Customer experience management in hospitality:A literature synthesis,new understanding and research agenda[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2018, 30(1):21-56.
[33]	Kang J, Zhang M. Semantic differential analysis of the soundscape in urban open public spaces[J]. Building and Environment, 2010, 45(1):150-157.
[34]	Kang M, Gretzel U. Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park[J]. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(2):440-455.
[35]	Kastenholz E, Marques C P, Carneiro M J. Place attachment through sensory-rich,emotion-generating place experiences in rural tourism[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2020(17):100455.
[36]	Kim J, Kerstetter D L. Multisensory processing impacts on destination image and willingness to visit[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2016, 18(1):52-61.
[37]	Kim Y, Ribeiro M A, Li G. Tourism memory characteristics scale:Development and validation[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2022, 61(6):1308-1326.
[38]	Kim Y G, Eves A, Scarles C. Empirical verification of a conceptual model of local food consumption at a tourist destination[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2013(33):484-489.
[39]	Krishna A. Sensory Marketing[M]. New York: Routledge, 2010:31-106.
[40]	Krishna A. An integrative review of sensory marketing:Engaging the senses to affect perception,judgment and behavior[J]. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2012, 22(3):332-351.
[41]	Lee M, Lee S, Koh Y. Multisensory experience for enhancing hotel guest experience:Empirical evidence from big data analytics[J]. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2019, 31(11):4313-4337.
[42]	Liu A L, Wang X L, Liu F C, et al. Soundscape and its influence on tourist satisfaction[J]. The Service Industries Journal, 2018, 38(3-4):164-181.
[43]	Lv X Y, Li C X, McCabe S. Expanding theory of tourists’ destination loyalty:The role of sensory impressions[J]. Tourism Management, 2020(77):104026.
[44]	Lv X Y, Lu R H, Xu S Y, et al. Exploring visual embodiment effect in dark tourism:The influence of visual darkness on dark experience[J]. Tourism Management, 2022(89):104438.
[45]	Madzharov A V. Scents research and its applications in tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2022(93):103309.
[46]	Maoz D. The mutual gaze[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006, 33(1):221-239.
[47]	Martins J, Gonçalves R, Branco F, et al. A multisensory virtual experience model for thematic tourism:A Port wine tourism application proposal[J]. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2017, 6(2):103-109.
[48]	Matteucci X. Froms of body usage in tourists’ experiences of flamenco[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014(46):29-43.
[49]	Meacci L, Liberatore G. A senses-based model for experiential tourism[J]. Tourism & Management Studies, 2018, 14(4):7-14.
[50]	Mehraliyev F, Kirilenko A P, Choi Y. From measurement scale to sentiment scale:Examining the effect of sensory experiences on online review rating behavior[J]. Tourism Management, 2020(79):104096.
[51]	Merleau-Ponty M, Smith C. Phenomenology of Perception[M]. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2002:1-98.
[52]	Miller N P. US National Parks and management of park soundscapes:A review[J]. Applied Acoustics, 2008, 69(2):77-92.
[53]	Oh H, Fiore A M, Jeoung M. Measuring experience economy concepts:Tourism applications[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2007, 46(2):119-132.
[54]	Pan S, Lee J, Tsai H. Travel photos:Motivations,image dimensions,and affective qualities of places[J]. Tourism Management, 2014(40):59-69.
[55]	Pan S, Ryan C. Tourism sense-making:The role of the senses and travel journalism[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2009, 26(7):625-639.
[56]	Pawaskar P, Goel M. A conceptual model:Multisensory marketing and destination branding[J]. Procedia Economics and Finance, 2014(11):255-267.
[57]	Peck J, Childers T L. Individual differences in haptic information processing:The “need for touch” scale[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2003, 30(3):430-442.
[58]	Pine B J, Gilmore J H. Welcome to the experience economy[J]. Harvard Business Review, 1998, 76(4):97-105.
[59]	Porteous J D. Smellscape[J]. Progress in Physical Geography:Earth and Environment, 1985, 9(3):356-378.
[60]	Prayag G, Ryan C. Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius:The role and influence of destination image,place attachment,personal involvement,and satisfaction[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2012, 51(3):342-356.
[61]	Qiu M Y, Zhang J, Zhang H L, et al. Is looking always more important than listening in tourist experience?[J]. Journal of Travel &Tourism Marketing, 2018, 35(7):869-881.
[62]	Rodaway P. Sensuous Geographies:Body,Sense and Place[M]. London: Routledge, 1994:78-105.
[63]	Roschk H, Hosseinpour M. Pleasant ambient scents:A meta-analysis of customer responses and situational contingencies[J]. Journal of Marketing, 2020, 84(1):125-145.
[64]	Schafer R M. The Soundscape:Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World[M]. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993:133-151.
[65]	Schmitt B. Experiential marketing[J]. Journal of Marketing Management, 1999, 15(1-3):53-67.
[66]	Small J, Darcy S, Packer T. The embodied tourist experiences of people with vision impairment:Management implications beyond the visual gaze[J]. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(4):941-950.
[67]	Son A, Pearce P. Multi-faceted image assessment:International students’ views of Australia as a tourist destination[J]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2005, 18(4):21-35.
[68]	Strannegård L, Strannegård M. Works of art:Aesthetic ambitions in design hotels[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012, 39(4):1995-2012.
[69]	Su X B, Zhang H Q. Tea drinking and the tastescapes of wellbeing in tourism[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2022, 24(6-7):1061-1081.
[70]	Tuan Y F. Space and Place:The Perspective of Experience[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977:15-108.
[71]	Urry J. The Tourist Gaze[M]. London: Sage, 2002:11-96.
[72]	Urry J, Larsen J. The Tourist Gaze 3.0[M]. London: Sage, 2011:36-155.
[73]	Van Hoven B. Multi-sensory tourism in the Great Bear Rainforest[J]. Landabrefid, 2011(25):31-49.
[74]	Vannini P, Waskul D, Gottschalk S. The senses in self,society,and culture:A sociology of the senses[M]. London: Routledge, 2013.
[75]	Veijola S, Jokinen E. The body in tourism[J]. Theory, Culture & Society, 1994, 11(3):125-151.
[76]	Walls A R, Okumus F, Wang Y C, et al. An epistemological view of consumer experiences[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2011, 30(1):10-21.
[77]	Xiao J L, Tait M, Kang J. A perceptual model of smellscape pleasantness[J]. Cities, 2018(76):105-115.
[78]	Xiong J, Hashim N H, Murphy J. Multisensory image as a component of destination image[J]. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2015(14):34-41.
[79]	Zhang K, Chen Y, Li C L. Discovering the tourists’ behaviors and perceptions in a tourism destination by analyzing photos’ visual content with a computer deep learning model:The case of Beijing[J]. Tourism Management, 2019(75):595-608.
[80]	樊友猛. 旅游具身体验研究进展与展望[J]. 旅游科学, 2020, 34(1):1-19.
	[FAN Youmeng. Research progress and prospect on tourist embodied experiences[J]. Tourism Science, 2020, 34(1):1-19.]
[81]	樊友猛, 谢彦君. 记忆、展示与凝视:乡村文化遗产保护与旅游发展协同研究[J]. 旅游科学, 2015, 29(1):11-24,87.
	[FAN Youmeng, XIE Yanjun. Memory, display and gaze:A research on the synergy of protection and utilization about rural cultural heritages[J]. Tourism Science, 2015, 29(1):11-24,87.]
[82]	樊友猛, 谢彦君. 旅游体验研究的具身范式[J]. 旅游学刊, 2019, 34(11):17-28.
	[FAN Youmeng, XIE Yanjun. Embodiment paradigm of tourist experience research[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2019, 34(11):17-28.]
[83]	黄燕, 赵振斌, 褚玉杰, 等. 互联网时代的旅游地视觉表征:多元建构与循环[J]. 旅游学刊, 2015, 30(6):91-101.
	[HUANG Yan, ZHAO Zhenbin, CHU Yujie, et al. The visual representation of tourism destinations in the internet era:Multiple constructions and circulations[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(6):91-101.]
[84]	孔令怡, 吴江, 魏玲玲, 等. 旅游凝视下凤凰古城旅游典型意象元素分析——基于隐喻抽取技术(ZMET)[J]. 旅游学刊, 2018, 33(1):42-52.
	[KONG Lingyi, WU Jiang, WEI Lingling, et al. Typical tourism image elements of Fenghuang ancient town analyzed from the tourist gaze perspective:Based on the Zaltman metaphor elicitation technique[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2018, 33(1):42-52.]
[85]	李拉扬. 旅游凝视:反思与重构[J]. 旅游学刊, 2015, 30(2):118-126.
	[LI Layang. Tourist gaze:Rethinking and reconstructing[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(2):118-126.]
[86]	刘爱利, 胡中州, 刘敏, 等. 声景学及其在旅游地理研究中的应用[J]. 地理研究, 2013, 32(6):1132-1142.
	[LIU Aili, HU Zhongzhou, LIU Min, et al. Soundscape and its application in research of tourism geography:A new perspective[J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(6):1132-1142.]
[87]	吕兴洋, 李春晓, 李惠璠. 感官印象:旅游者忠诚的增益解[J]. 旅游学刊, 2019, 34(10):47-59.
	[LV Xingyang, LI Chunxiao, LI Huifan. Sensory impression:An incremental explaining variable to tourist loyalty[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2019, 34(10):47-59.]
[88]	吕兴洋, 徐海军, 李惠璠. 目的地感官营销研究综述与展望[J]. 旅游导刊, 2019, 3(4):66-92.
	[LV Xingyang, XU Haijun, LI Huifan. A review of tourism destination marketing from perspective of sensory marketing theory[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2019, 3(4):66-92. ]
[89]	吕兴洋. 目的地感官营销:原理与工具[J]. 旅游导刊, 2020, 4(2):1-8.
	[LV Xingyang. Destination sensory marketing:Principles and measurement[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2020, 4(2):1-8.]
[90]	徐海军, 吕兴洋. 声音品牌化:目的地歌曲对旅游者感知形象的影响研究[J]. 旅游科学, 2019, 33(6):1-16.
	[XU Haijun, LV Xingyang. Sonic branding:The effect of destination songs on tourists’ perceived image[J]. Tourism Science, 2019, 33(6):1-16.]
[91]	叶浩生. 有关具身认知思潮的理论心理学思考[J]. 心理学报, 2011, 43(5):589-598.
	[YE Haosheng. Embodied cognition:A consideration from theoretical psychology[J]. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2011, 43(5):589-598.]
[92]	朱竑, 韩亚林, 陈晓亮. 藏族歌曲对西藏旅游地形象感知的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(8):991-1003.
	[ZHU Hong, HAN Yalin, CHEN Xiaoliang. The study on impacts of tibetan songs on the perception of tourism destination image of Tibet[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(8):991-1003.]

排序 Ranking	中文期刊 Chinese journal	英文期刊 Foreign journal
1	《旅游学刊》	Tourism Management（《旅游管理》）
2	《旅游科学》	Annals of Tourism Research（《旅游研究年报》）
3	《人文地理》	Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing（《旅游与旅游营销》）
4	《资源开发与市场》	International Journal of Hospitality Management（《国际酒店管理》）
5	《地域研究与开发》	Current Issues in Tourism（《旅游的当前问题》）
6	《生态经济》	Journal of Travel Research（《旅行研究》）
7	《地理学报》	Journal of Destination Marketing & Management（《旅游目的地营销与管理》）

排序 Ranking	中文期刊 Chinese journal	英文期刊 Foreign journal
1	《旅游学刊》	Tourism Management（《旅游管理》）
2	《旅游科学》	Annals of Tourism Research（《旅游研究年报》）
3	《人文地理》	Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing（《旅游与旅游营销》）
4	《资源开发与市场》	International Journal of Hospitality Management（《国际酒店管理》）
5	《地域研究与开发》	Current Issues in Tourism（《旅游的当前问题》）
6	《生态经济》	Journal of Travel Research（《旅行研究》）
7	《地理学报》	Journal of Destination Marketing & Management（《旅游目的地营销与管理》）

研究方法 Research method	数据来源 Data source	分析方法 Analytical method
定性	文本内容（杂志、评论、游记、访谈、观察）、图片内容（照片、标识系统）	扎根理论、文本内容分析、手段目的链
定量	调查问卷、实验法（神经科学等）	结构方程、偏最小二乘法
定性与定量结合	—	—

研究方法 Research method	数据来源 Data source	分析方法 Analytical method
定性	文本内容（杂志、评论、游记、访谈、观察）、图片内容（照片、标识系统）	扎根理论、文本内容分析、手段目的链
定量	调查问卷、实验法（神经科学等）	结构方程、偏最小二乘法
定性与定量结合	—	—

作者及发表年份 Author，Time	研究问题 Research question	数据来源 Data source	分析方法 Analytical method	研究结论 Research conclusion
Gretzel & Fesenmaier，2010	探索旅游目的地的游客感官体验	访谈	感官体验激发协议	旅游体验是各种感官输入的复杂组合，目的地营销组织需要结合游客需求进行设计规划
van Hoven，2011	热带雨林旅游中的多感官体验	视频、图片、文本	内容分析法	自然景观中存在多维度的感官体验，生态旅游运营商可适度规划类似旅游景区
Lee，Lee & Koh，2019	体育活动中的游客感官体验	调查问卷	结构方程模型	感官景观、社交互动和家庭感对球迷满意度都有积极、直接的影响，进而积极影响其重访意图
Agapito，Mendes & Valle，2013	探索旅游体验感官维度的概念化	相关文献	文献分析法	人类感官对个人感知世界至关重要，感官刺激会影响消费者的行为，游客感官体验在目的地管理和营销中至关重要，需要用混合方法探究多维度的游客感官体验
Agapito，Valle & Mendes，2014	以葡萄牙西南部游客为例，分析游客感官体验	调查问卷	多元对应分析	乡村旅游目的地有丰富的多感官刺激资源，通过感官信息主题将游客感官体验划分为与海滩、乡村、自然及平衡相关的4个类型
Ghosh & Sarkar，2016	考察感官体验和想象能力在目的地营销中的作用	调查问卷	结构方程模型、实验法	视觉、触觉和嗅觉体验显著影响游客目的地情绪，而个体的想象能力调节了该影响。游客的目的地情绪会影响游客重复访问意图和口碑推荐
Kim & Kerstetter，2016	多感官体验对目的地形象和访问意愿的影响	实验数据	实验法、结构方程模型	多感官处理对共情和目的地图像有积极影响，而共情和目的地图像对游客访问目的地的意愿有积极影响
Chen & Lin，2018	感官体验对消费者情绪和行为的影响	调查问卷	结构方程模型、多元回归分析	部分感官体验会显著影响情绪，情绪在感官体验与行为意图之间存在中介作用
Qiu，Zhang & Zhang，et al.，2018	对比分析听觉体验和视觉体验差异性	调查问卷	结构方程模型、最小二乘回归	听觉体验和视觉体验对游客认知和情感有不同的影响
徐海军、吕兴洋，2019	目的地歌曲对旅游者感知目的地形象的影响	实验数据	实验法	目的地歌曲显著影响旅游者对歌曲传递的目的地形象的感知水平，且旅游者对其情感形象的评价高于认知形象
Björk & Kauppinen-Räisänen，2019	旅游目的地美食体验	访谈	内容分析法	丰富的食物景观类型可以满足游客的味觉体验，目的地应该丰富美食景观
Kah，Shin & Lee，2022	感官体验要素对目的地身份创造的影响	调查问卷	结构方程模型	视觉和触觉这两种单一感觉与所有类型的旅游目的地身份相关，两种感官的交互作用对旅游目的地身份的影响存在差异性
Madzharov，2022	气味研究及其在旅游中的应用	相关文献	文献分析法	环境气味可以通过情感和认知两种主要途径显著影响情感、评价、意图、记忆和行为
Lv，Lu & Xu，et al.，2022	探索黑色旅游中的视觉黑暗对黑色旅游体验的影响	游客评论、照片、实验数据	内容分析法、结构方程模型、实验法	视觉黑暗的刺激影响了黑色旅游游客的心理体验和行为意图，这种体现效应既存在于二维平面，也存在于三维空间