湘西凤凰古城旅游发展中的地方法团主义：逻辑与结果

doi:10.12054/lydk.bisu.190

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地方法团主义产生于特定的环境条件,可用以剖析地方经济发展与社会结构演变中的政企关系。本文选取凤凰古城为案例,借助该理论分析古镇旅游地经营、发展与管理过程。结果发现,古镇旅游地发展中的地方法团主义运作涉及权力、资本、社会三方利益主体,各方凭借自身的角色与行为特征参与古镇旅游发展,并展现出多元利益博弈关系。权力和资本力量“共谋”了地方旅游业的发展进程,但社会力量同样可通过特定方式与创造性转化能力左右地方法团主义的机制与走向。然而,这种运作逻辑使该模式本身存在内在缺陷,容易引致不良的社会后果,需要由政府发挥其行政力量加以干预和克服。

关键词: 地方法团主义, 政府与企业, 古镇旅游, 凤凰古城

Abstract:

Local state corporatism is a development strategy generated in a specific social environment. It aims to study the relationship between government and enterprises in local economic development and social structure evolution. Taking the ancient town of Fenghuang as an example, this paper analyzes the process of the operation, development, and management of destination tourism in ancient towns based on the theory of local state corporatism. Evidence has shown that the operation of local state corporatism in the development of tourist destinations involves three stakeholders: authority, capital, and society. These stakeholders participate in the tourism development of ancient towns with their respective roles and behavioral characteristics and, in so doing, present a game relationship of diversified interests. The authority force conspires with the capital force to promote the development of local tourism, but social forces have also played a role in influencing the formation mechanism and development direction of local state corporatism. However, this type of operating logic can cause defects in the model itself, which can easily lead to certain social consequences. Thus, the government must exert its powerful administrative force to intervene in and overcome these potential problems.

Key words: local state corporatism, government and enterprise, ancient town tourism, the ancient town of Fenghuang

彭丹, 张子妍. 湘西凤凰古城旅游发展中的地方法团主义：逻辑与结果[J]. 旅游导刊, 2022, 6(2): 43-65.

PENG Dan, ZHANG Ziyan. Local State Corporatism in the Tourism Development of the Ancient Town of Fenghuang: Logic and Consequences[J]. Tourism and Hospitality Prospects, 2022, 6(2): 43-65.

图/表 4

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经营模式 Operation mode	经营主体 Operation subject	决策主体 Decision subject	政府定位 Government positioning	企业定位 Entrepreneur positioning	代表景点 Representative spots
政府主导模式	政府	政府	开发者、经营者、管理者	政府行为的拥护者与行动者	丽江、同里
政府主导的项目公司模式	政府投资组建的旅游公司	政府	宏观调控	全方位整治者与统一经营管理者	乌镇
经营权转让模式	旅游公司	政府+旅游公司	宏观调控	经营者、管理者	凤凰、南浔

经营模式 Operation mode	经营主体 Operation subject	决策主体 Decision subject	政府定位 Government positioning	企业定位 Entrepreneur positioning	代表景点 Representative spots
政府主导模式	政府	政府	开发者、经营者、管理者	政府行为的拥护者与行动者	丽江、同里
政府主导的项目公司模式	政府投资组建的旅游公司	政府	宏观调控	全方位整治者与统一经营管理者	乌镇
经营权转让模式	旅游公司	政府+旅游公司	宏观调控	经营者、管理者	凤凰、南浔

参考点 Reference points	概念化 Conceptualization	初始范畴 Initial category	主范畴 Main category
4	企业拥有先进运营经验	运营优势	市场经营
2	企业拥有先进管理方式
3	多样化的事件营销手段
2	古城公司占据控股地位	股权优势
3	古城具体建设经营归由企业负责	政府支持
3	政府认同古城公司的作用
2	政府通过支持企业带动地方富裕
2	为企业提供行政服务
6	营销建设管理费用投入	资金投入
3	新建项目投入
1	新建停车场投入
2	鼓励居民弃商,恢复古城原貌	调动社区参与	政府调控
4	举办节庆活动
1	吸纳非官方导游成为民族讲解员
6	建筑建造必须符合规范	规范建筑环境	政府调控
2	建筑材料与外观符合整体风貌
2	强行清理违建
1	装修房子需要申请审批
1	不再允许新建建筑
4	控制流动摊贩	整顿旅游秩序
8	政府采取强力的治理措施
2	景区有有效的交通管制措施
3	政府整治旅游乱象初见成效
7	重视沱江保护工作	治理生态环境
8	采取行动保护与治理沱江	治理生态环境
2	完善基础设施建设	基础设施建设
1	公共区域日常维护	基础设施建设
2	支持旅游发展	情感认同	社区参与
1	维护环境清洁卫生	主人翁意识
2	发起爱护母亲河活动	主人翁意识
4	兜售旅游商品、拍照、经营客栈	经济参与
5	出租民居和商铺门面	经济参与
2	参加民族节庆活动	文化参与
10	古城商户以外来人口为主	新移民中心化
2	原住民经营困难	原住民边缘化
2	年轻人外流,老幼留守古城	原住民边缘化

参考点 Reference points	概念化 Conceptualization	初始范畴 Initial category	主范畴 Main category
4	企业拥有先进运营经验	运营优势	市场经营
2	企业拥有先进管理方式
3	多样化的事件营销手段
2	古城公司占据控股地位	股权优势
3	古城具体建设经营归由企业负责	政府支持
3	政府认同古城公司的作用
2	政府通过支持企业带动地方富裕
2	为企业提供行政服务
6	营销建设管理费用投入	资金投入
3	新建项目投入
1	新建停车场投入
2	鼓励居民弃商,恢复古城原貌	调动社区参与	政府调控
4	举办节庆活动
1	吸纳非官方导游成为民族讲解员
6	建筑建造必须符合规范	规范建筑环境	政府调控
2	建筑材料与外观符合整体风貌
2	强行清理违建
1	装修房子需要申请审批
1	不再允许新建建筑
4	控制流动摊贩	整顿旅游秩序
8	政府采取强力的治理措施
2	景区有有效的交通管制措施
3	政府整治旅游乱象初见成效
7	重视沱江保护工作	治理生态环境
8	采取行动保护与治理沱江	治理生态环境
2	完善基础设施建设	基础设施建设
1	公共区域日常维护	基础设施建设
2	支持旅游发展	情感认同	社区参与
1	维护环境清洁卫生	主人翁意识
2	发起爱护母亲河活动	主人翁意识
4	兜售旅游商品、拍照、经营客栈	经济参与
5	出租民居和商铺门面	经济参与
2	参加民族节庆活动	文化参与
10	古城商户以外来人口为主	新移民中心化
2	原住民经营困难	原住民边缘化
2	年轻人外流,老幼留守古城	原住民边缘化